Skip to main content
Log in

Development and Preliminary Psychometric Evaluation of the Children’s Saving Inventory

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Child Psychiatry & Human Development Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study reports on the development and initial psychometric properties of the Children’s Saving Inventory (CSI), a parent-rated measure designed to assess child hoarding behaviors. Subjects included 123 children and adolescents diagnosed with primary Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and their parents. Trained clinicians administered the Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS), items assessing Family Accommodation and the Clinical Global Impressions—Severity index. Parents completed the CSI, Child Obsessive–Compulsive Impact Scale (COIS)—Parent Version and Child Behavior Checklist. Youth completed the COIS—Child Version, Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory Child Version (OCI-CV), Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children, and Children’s Depression Inventory—Short Form. A four factor solution was identified; factors were named Discarding, Clutter, Acquisition, and Distress/Impairment. Internal consistency for the CSI Total and factor scores were good. One-week test–retest reliability (n = 31) from a random subsample was excellent. Known groups validity was supported vis-à-vis higher CSI scores for those endorsing hoarding on the CY-BOCS Symptom Checklist. Convergent and discriminant validity was evidenced by weak relationships with OCI-CV Checking and Contamination factors but strong relationships with the OCI-CV Hoarding factor and with hoarding obsession/compulsions on the CY-BOCS. These findings provide initial support for the reliability and validity of the CSI for the assessment of hoarding behaviors among youth with OCD. Future studies are needed to extend these findings to non-OCD samples of youth.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. A copy of the CSI can be obtained by contacting the corresponding author at the address provided.

  2. As the nature of the paper is measure development, only correlations with the CSI Total Score are provided to avoid spurious findings due to multiple comparisons.

References

  1. Frost RO, Gross RC (1993) The hoarding of possessions. Behav Res Ther 31:367–381

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Frost RO, Steketee G (1998) Hoarding: clinical aspects and treatment strategies. In: Jenike MA, Baer L, Minichiello WE (eds) Obsessive compulsive disorder: practical management, 3rd edn. Mosby Inc, St Louis

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ayers CR, Saxena S, Golshan S, Wetherell JL (2009) Age at onset and clinical features of late life compulsive hoarding. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 25(2):142–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Rachman S, Elliott CM, Shafran R, Radomsky AS (2009) Separating hoarding from OCD. Behav Res Ther 47:520–522

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Abramowitz JS, Wheaton MG, Storch EA (2008) The status of hoarding as a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther 46:1026–1033

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Saxena S (2008) Recent advances in compulsive hoarding. Curr Psychiatry Rep 10:297–303

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Grisham JR, Frost RO, Steketee G, Kim HJ, Hood S (2006) Age of onset of compulsive hoarding. J Anxiety Disord 20:675–686

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Hanna GL (1995) Demographic and clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34:19–27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Leonard HL, Goldberger EL, Rapoport JL, Cheslow DL, Swedo SE (1990) Childhood rituals: normal development or obsessive-compulsive symptoms? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 29:17–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Stewart SE, Rosario MC, Brown TA, Carter AS, Leckman JF, Sukhodolsky D, Katsovitch L, King R, Geller D, Pauls DL (2007) Principal components analysis of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms in children and adolescents. Biol Psychiatry 61:285–291

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Storch EA, Lack CW, Merlo LJ, Geffken GR, Jacob ML, Murphy TK, Goodman WK (2007) Clinical features of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder and hoarding symptoms. Compr Psychiatry 48:313–318

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Dykens EM, Kasari C (1997) Maladaptive behavior in children with Prader–Willi syndrome Down syndrome and nonspecific mental retardation. Am J Ment Retard 102:228–237

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Dykens EM, Leckman JF, Cassidy SB (1996) Obsessions and compulsions in Prader-Willi Syndrome. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 37:995–1002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Scahill L, Riddle MA, McSwiggin-Hardin M, Ort SI, King RA, Goodman WK, Cicchetti D, Leckman JF (1997) Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: reliability and validity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:844–852

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Shafran R, Frampton I, Heyman I, Reynolds M, Teachman B, Rachman S (2003) The preliminary development of a new self-report measure for OCD in young people. J Adolesc 26:137–142

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Storch EA, Khanna M, Merlo LJ, Loew BA, Franklin M, Reid JM, Goodman WK, Murphy TK (2009) Children’s Florida obsessive compulsive inventory: psychometric properties and feasibility of a self-report measure of obsessive–compulsive symptoms in youth. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 40:467–483

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Foa EB, Coles ME, Huppert JD, Pasupuleti R, Franklin ME, March JS (2010) Development and validation of a child version of the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory. Behav Ther 41:121–132

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Coles ME, Frost RO, Heimberg RG, Steketee G (2003) Hoarding behaviors in a large college sample. Behav Res Ther 41:179–194

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Frost RO, Steketee G, Grisham J (2004) Measurement of compulsive hoarding: saving inventory revised. Behav Res Ther 42:1163–1182

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Frost RO, Steketee G, Tolin DF, Renaud S (2008) Development and validation of the Clutter Image Rating. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 30:180–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Hayward LC, Coles ME (2009) Elucidating the relation of hoarding to obsessive compulsive disorder and impulse control disorders. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 31:220–227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Wheaton M, Timpano KR, Lasalle-Ricci VH, Murphy D (2008) Characterizing the hoarding phenotype in individuals with OCD: associations with comorbidity severity and gender. J Anxiety Disord 22:243–252

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Muroff J, Steketee G, Rasmussen J, Gibson A, Bratiotis C, Sorrentino C (2009) Group cognitive and behavioral treatment for compulsive hoarding: a preliminary trial. Depress Anxiety 26:634–640

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Tolin DF, Frost RO, Steketee G (2007) An open trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for compulsive hoarding. Behav Res Ther 45:1461–1470

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-IV-TR 4th ed Text Revision. American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC

  26. Silverman WK, Albano AM (1996) The anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV—child and parent versions. Graywinds Publications, San Antonio TX

    Google Scholar 

  27. Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, Rao U, Flynn C, Moreci P, Williamson D, Ryan N (1997) Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version: initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:980–988

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Leckman JF, Grice DE, Boardman J, Zhang H, Vitale A, Bondi C, Alsobrook J, Peterson BS, Cohen DJ, Rasmussen SA, Goodman WK, McDougle CJ, Pauls DL (1997) Symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 154:911–917

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Summerfeldt LJ, Richter MA, Antony MM, Swinson RP (1999) Symptom structure in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a confirmatory factor-analytic study. Behav Res Ther 37:297–311

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Baer L (1994) Factor analysis of symptom subtypes of obsessive compulsive disorder and their relation to personality and tic disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 55:18–23

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Foa EB, Huppert JD, Leiberg S, Langner R, Kichic R, Hajcak G, Salkovskis P (2002) The obsessive-compulsive inventory: development and validation of a short version. Psychol Assess 14:485–496

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Mataix-Cols D, Rosario-Campos MC, Leckman JF (2005) A multidimensional model of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 162:228–238

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Storch EA, Milsom VA, Merlo LJ, Larson M, Geffken GR, Jacob ML, Murphy TK, Goodman WK (2008) Insight in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: associations with clinical presentation. Psychiatry Res 160:212–220

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Storch EA, Murphy TK, Geffken GR, Soto O, Sajid M, Allen P, Roberti JW, Killiany E, Goodman WK (2004) Psychometric evaluation of the children’s yale-brown obsessive compulsive scale. Psychiatry Res 129:91–98

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Pediatric OCD Treatment Study Team (2004) Cognitive-Behav Ther sertraline and their combination for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: the Pediatric OCD Treatment Study randomized controlled trial. JAMA 292:1969–1976

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Guy W (1976) Clinical global impressions. In: ECDEU (ed) Assessment manual for psychopharmacology. National Institute for Mental Health, Rockville MD, pp 218–222

    Google Scholar 

  37. National Institute of Mental Health (1985) Clinical global impression scale. Psychopharmacol Bull 21:839–844

    Google Scholar 

  38. Piacentini J, Bergman RL, Keller M, McCracken J (2003) Functional impairment in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 13(Suppl 1):S61–S69

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Piacentini J, Jaffer M (1999) Manual for the Child OCD impact scale: unpublished manuscript. University of California at Los Angeles

  40. Piacentini J, Peris TS, Bergman RL, Chang S, Jaffer M (2007) Functional impairment in childhood OCD: development and psychometrics properties of the Child Obsessive-Compulsive Impact Scale-Revised. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 36:645–653

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Valderhaug R, Ivarsson T (2005) Functional impairment in clinical samples of Norwegian and Swedish children and adolescents with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 14:164–173

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Storch EA, Geffken GR, Merlo LJ, Mann G, Duke D, Munson M, Adkins J, Grabill K, Murphy TK, Goodman WK (2007) Cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: comparison of intensive and weekly approaches. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46:469–478

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Calvocoressi L, Lewis B, Harris M, Trufan SJ, Goodman WK, McDougle CJ et al (1995) Family accommodation in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 152:441–443

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Storch EA, Merlo LJ, Larson MJ, Fernandez M, Jacob ML, Geffken GR, Grabill K, Murphy TK, Goodman WK (2007) Family accommodation in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 36:207–216

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Kovacs M (1985) Children’s depression inventory. Psychopharmacol Bull 21:995–998

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Timbremont B, Braet C, Dreessen L (2004) Assessing depression in youth: relation between the Children’s Depression Inventory and a structured interview. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 33:149–157

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Rofey DL, Szigethy EM, Noll RB, Dahl RE, Lobst E, Arslanian SA (2009) Cognitive-behavioral therapy for physical and emotional disturbances in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot study. J Pediatr Psychol 34:156–163

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. March JS, Parker JD, Sullivan K, Stallings P, Conners CK (1997) The multidimensional anxiety scale for children: factor structure reliability and validity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:554–565

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. March JS, Sullivan K, Parker J (1999) Test–retest reliability of the multidimensional anxiety scale for children. J Anxiety Disord 13:349–358

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Achenbach TM (1994) Child Behavior Checklist and related instruments. In: Maruish ME (ed) The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcome assessment. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc, Hillsdale NJ, pp 517–549

    Google Scholar 

  51. Glorfeld LW (1995) An improvement on Horn’s parallel analysis methodology for selecting the correct number of factors to retain. Educ Psychol Meas 55:377–393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. O’Connor BP (2000) SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and velicer’s MAP test. Behav Res Methods 32:396–402

    Google Scholar 

  53. Velicer WF (1976) Determining the number of components from the matrix of partial correlations. Psychometrika 41:321–327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Velicer WF, Jackson DN (1990) Component analysis versus common factor analysis: some issues in selecting an appropriate procedure. Multivariate Behav Res 25:1–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Costello AB, Osborne JW (2005) Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. PARE 10:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  56. Zwick WR, Velicer WF (1986) Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain. Psychol Bull 99:432–442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Cronbach LJ (1951) Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika 16:297–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Clark LA, Watson D (1995) Constructing validity: basic issues in objective scale development. Psychol Assess 7:309–319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Comrey AL (1988) Factor-analytic methods of scale development in personality and clinical psychology. J Consult Clin Psychol 56:754–761

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. DeVellis RF (2003) Scale development: theory and applications, vol 26. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks CA

    Google Scholar 

  61. Worthington RL, Whittaker TA (2006) Scale development research: a content analysis and recommendations for best practices. Couns Psychol 34:806–838

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Floyd FJ, Widaman KF (1995) Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychol Assess 7:286–299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. MacCallum RC, Widaman KF, Zhang S, Hong S (1999) Sample size in factor analysis. Psychol Methods 4:84–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Velicer WF, Fava JL (1998) Effects of variable and subject sampling on factor pattern recovery. Psychol Methods 3:231–251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Steketee G, Frost RO, Kim H (2001) Hoarding by elderly people. Health Soc Work 26:176–184

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Samuels JF, Bienvenu OJ, Grados MA, Cullen B, Riddle MA, Liang K, Eaton WW, Nestadt G (2008) Prevalence and correlates of hoarding behavior in a community-based sample. Behav Res Ther 46:836–844

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Plimpton E, Frost RO, Abbey BC, Dorer W (2010) Compulsive hoarding in children: six case studies. Int J Cog Ther 2:88–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Pertusa A, Fullana MA, Singh S, Alonso P, Menchon JM, Mataix-Cols D (2008) Compulsive hoarding: OCD symptom distinct clinical syndrome or both? Am J Psychiatry 165:1289–1298

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Frost RO, Hartl TL, Christian R, Williams N (1995) The value of possessions in compulsive hoarding: patterns of use and attachment. Behav Res Ther 33:897–902

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Nedelisky A, Steele M (2009) Attachment to people and to objects in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an exploratory comparison of hoarders and non-hoarders. Attachment Hum Dev 11:365–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Grisham JR, Brown TA, Savage CR, Steketee G, Barlow DH (2007) Neuropsychological impairment associated with compulsive hoarding. Behav Res Ther 45:1471–1483

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Samuels JF, Bienvenu OJ, Riddle MA, Cullen B, Grados MA, Liang K, Hoeh-Saric R, Nestadt G (2002) Hoarding in obsessive compulsive disorder: results from a case-control study. Behav Res Ther 40:517–528

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Williams M, Powers M, Yun YG, Foa E (2010) Minority participation in randomized controlled trials for obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Anx Dis 24:171–177

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Portions of this paper were supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health to the first author (L40 MH081950-02).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eric A. Storch.

Additional information

Portions of this paper were supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health to the first author (L40 MH081950-02).

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Storch, E.A., Muroff, J., Lewin, A.B. et al. Development and Preliminary Psychometric Evaluation of the Children’s Saving Inventory. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 42, 166–182 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-010-0207-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-010-0207-0

Keywords

Navigation