Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Early Parkinson’s disease and non-motor issues

  • Published:
Journal of Neurology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Non motor symptoms (NMS) of PD are a key determinant of health, quality of life and societal cost of PD. Contrary to common perception, many NMS of PD occur early in PD and some may even predate the diagnosis of PD which is based on motor signs. These include olfactory deficit, sleep problems such as REM behaviour disorder, contipation and the more recently described male erectile dysfunction. The non motor quesionnaire (NMSQuest) and the recently validated NMS scale allow falgging and quantification of NMS of PD and therefore are important tools to comprehensively assess symptom load in PD.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Parkinson J (1817) An essay on the Shaking palsy. Sherwood, Neely and Jones, London

  2. Chaudhuri KR, Healy D, Schapira AHV (2006) The non motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Diagnosis and management. Lancet Neurology 5:235–245

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Schrag A, Jahanshahi M, Quinn N (2000) What contributes to quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69:308–312

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Hely MA, Morris JGL, Reid WGJ, Trafficante R (2005) Sydney multicenter study of Parkinson’s disease: Non-L-dopa-responsive problems dominate at 15 years. Mov Disord 20:190–199

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Aarsland D, Larsen JP, Tandberg E, Laake K (2000) Predictors of nursing home placement in Parkinson’s disease: a population-based, prospective study. J Am Geriatr Soc 48:938–942

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Shulman LM, Taback RL, Rabinstein AA, Weiner WJ (2002) Non-recognition of depression and other non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 8:193–197

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. O’Sullivan SS, Williams DR, Gallagher DA, Massey LA, Silveira-Moriyama L, Lees AJ (2008) Non motor symptoms as presenting complaints in Parkinson’s disease: a clinicopathological study. Mov Disord 23:101–106

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Tolosa E, Compta Y, Gaig C (2007) The premotor phase of Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 13(Suppl):S2–S7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Stacy M, Bowron A, Guttman M, Hauser R, Hughes K, Larsen JP, et al. (2005) Identification of motor and non motor wearing off in Parkinson’s disease: comparison of a patient questionnaire versus a clinician assessment. Mov Disord 20:726–733

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Chaudhuri KR, Martinez-Martin P, Schapira AHV, Stocchi F, Sethi K, Odin P, et al. (2006) An international multicentre pilot study of the first comprehensive self-completed non-motor symptoms questionnaire for Parkinson’s disease: The NMSQuest study. Mov Disord 21:916–923

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Martinez-Martin P, Schapira AHV, Stocchi F, Sethi K, Odin P, Macphee G, et al. (2007) Prevalence of non motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease in an international setting; study using nonmotor symptoms questionnaire in 545 patients. Mov Disord 22:1623–1629

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Chaudhuri KR, Martinez-Martin P, Brown RG, Sethi K, Stocchi F, Odin P, et al. (2007) The metric properties of a novel non-motor symptoms scale for Parkinson’s disease: results from an international pilot study. Mov Disord 22:1901–1911

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Grosset D, Taurah L, Burn DJ, MacMahon D, Forbes A, Turner K, et al. (2007) A multicentre longitudinal observational study of changes in self reported health status in people with Parkinson’s disease left untreated at diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78:465–469

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Braak H, Del Tredici K, Rüb U, de Vos RAI, Jansen Steur ENH, Braak E (2003) Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 24:197–210

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Del Tredici K, Braak H (2004) Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: staging an a-synucleinopathy with a predictable path anatomy. In: Kahle P, Haass C (eds) Molecular mechanisms in Parkinson’s disease. Georgetown, TX: Landes Bioscience, pp 1–32

  16. Benarroch EE (1999) Central neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in cardiovascular regulation. In: Mathias CJ, Bannister R (eds) Autonomic Failure. 4th Ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York, Chapter 5, pp 37–44

  17. Rye DB, Jankovic J (2002) Emerging views of dopamine in modulating sleep/wake state from an unlikely source: PD. Neurology 58:341–346

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Saper C, Chou TC, Scammell TE (2001) The sleep switch: hypothalamic control of sleep and wakefulness. Trends in Neurosci 24:726–731

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Diederich NJ, Goetz CG, Stebbins GT (2005) Repeated visual hallucinations in Parkinson’s disease as disturbed external/internal perceptions: Focused review and a new integrative model. Mov Disord 20:130–140

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ansari KA, Johnson A (1975) Olfactory function in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Chronic Dis 28(9):493–497

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Doty RL, Stern MB, Pfeiffer C, Gollomp SM, Hurtig HI (1992) Bilateral olfactory dysfunction in early stage treated and untreated idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55(2):138–142

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ponsen MM, Stoffers D, Booij J, van Eck-Smit BL, Wolters ECh, Berendse HW (2004) Idiopathic hyposmia as a preclinical sign of Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 56(2):173–181

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ross W, Petrovitch H, Abbott RD, Tanner CM, Popper J, Masaki K, et al. (2005) Association of olfactory dysfunction with risk of future Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 20(Suppl 10):P439 (Abstract)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Hawkes C (2003) Olfaction in neurodegenerative disorders. Mov Disord 18:364–372

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Montgomery EB, Baker KB, Lyons K, et al. (1999) Abnormal performance on the PD test battery by asymptomatic first-degree relatives. Neurology 52:757–762

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Khan NL, Katzenschlager R, Watt H, Bhatia KP, Wood NW, Quinn N, Lees AJ (2004) Olfaction differentiates parkin disease from early-onset parkinsonism and Parkinson disease. Neurology 62(7):1224–1226

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Clarimon J, Pagonabarraga J, Paisan-Ruiz C, Campolongo A, Pascual-Sedano B, Marti-Masso J-F, Singleton AB, Kulisevsky J (2008) Tremor dominant parkinsonism: clinical description and LRRK 2 mutation screening. Mov Disord 23:518–523

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Louis ED, Marder K, Tabert MH, Devananand DP (2008) Mild parkinsonian signs are associated with lower olfactory test scores in the community dwelling elderly. Mov Disord 23:524–530

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Friedman JH, Amick MM (2007) Rhinorhoea is increased in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 23:452–454

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Schenck CH, Bundlie SR, Mahowald MW (1996) Delayed emergence of a parkinsonian disorder in 38 % of 29 older men initially diagnosed with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 46:388–393

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Olson EJ, Boeve BF, Silber MH (2000) Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: demographic, clinical and laboratory findings in 93 cases. Brain 123:331–339

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Eisensehr I, Linke R, Noachtar S, Schwarz J, Gildehaus FJ, Tatsch K (2000) Reduced striatal dopamine transporters in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder. Comparison with Parkinson’s disease and controls. Brain 123:1155–1160

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Stiasny-Kolster K, Doerr Y, Moller JC, Hoffken H, Behr TM, Oertel WH, Mayer G (2005) Combination of ‘idiopathic’ REM sleep behaviour disorder and olfactory dysfunction as possible indicator for alpha-synucleinopathy demonstrated by dopamine transporter FP-CIT-SPECT. Brain 128(Pt 1):126–137

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Unger MM, Moeller JC, Stiasny-Kolster K, Mankel K, Berg D, Walter U, Hoeffken H, Mayer G, Oertel W (2008) Assessment of idiopathic rapid-eyemovement sleep behavior disorder by transcranial sonography, olfactory function test, and FP-CIT-SPECT. Mov Disord 23(4):596–599

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Uchiyama M, Isse K, Tanka K, et al. (1995) Incidental Lewy body disease in patients with REM sleep behaviour disorder. Neurol 45:709–712

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Wolters and Braak J (2006) Parkinson’s disease: premotor clinico-pathological correlations. Neural Trans 70:309–319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Henderson M, Lu Y, Wang S, Cartwright H, Halliday GM (2003) Olfactory deficits and sleep disturbances in Parkinson’s disease: a case–control survey. JNNP 74:956–958

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Abbott RD, Petrovitch H, White LR, et al. (2001) Frequency of bowel movements and the future risk of Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 57:456–462

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Burn DJ (2002) Beyond the iron mask; towards better recognition and treatment of depression associated with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 17:445–454

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Remy P, Doder M, Lees A, Turjanski N, Brooks D (2005) Depression in Parkinson’s disease: loss of dopamine and noradrenaline innervation in the limbic system. Brain 128(Pt 6):1314–1322

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Lauterbach EC, Freeman A, Vogel RL (2004) Differential DSM-III psychiatric disorder prevalence profiles in dystonia and Parkinson’s disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 16:29–36

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Nilsson FM, Kessig LV, Bolwig TG (2001) Increased risk of developing Parkinson’s disease for patients with major affective disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 104:380–386

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Schurmann AG, van den Akker H, Ensinck KTJL, Metsemakers FH, Knottnerus JA, Leentjens FG, et al. (2002) Increased risk of Parkinson’s disease after depression: a retrospective cohort study. Neurology 58:1501–1504

    Google Scholar 

  44. Okun M, Walter BL, McDonald WM, Tenover JL, Green J, Juncos JL, DeLong MR (2002) Beneficial effects of testosterone replacement for the non motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Arch Neurol 59(11):1750–1753

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Gao X, Chen H, Schwarzschild MA, Glasser DB, Logroscino G, Rimm EB, Ascerio A (2007) Erectile function and the risk of Parkinson’s disease Am J Epidemiol 166(12):1446–1450

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Goldstein DS, Holmes C, Li ST, Bruce S, Metman LV, Cannon RO 3rd (2000) Cardiac sympathetic denervation in Parkinson disease. Ann Intern Med 133:338–347

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Singleton A, Gwinn-Hardy K, Sharabi Y, Li ST, Holmes C, Dendi R, et al. (2004) Association between cardiac denervation and parkinsonism caused by alpha-synuclein gene triplication. Brain 127(Pt 4):768–772

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Abbott RD, Ross GW, White LR, Tanner CM, Nelson JS, Petrovicth H, et al. (2005) Excessive daytime sleepiness and the future risk of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 20(Suppl 10):S101 (P 341)

    Google Scholar 

  49. Benarroch EE, Schmeichel AM, Sandroni P, Low PA, Parisi JE (2006) Involvement of vagal autonomic nuclei in multiple system atrophy and Lewy body disease. Neurology 66:378–383

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Spiegel J, Storch A, Jost WH (2006) Early diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease/J Neurol 253(Suppl 4):IV/2–IV/7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Dhawan V, Williams A, Pal S, DiMarco A, Martinez-Martin P, Tobias A, Chaudhuri KR (2006) Sleep dysfunction in untreated Parkison’s disease. J Neurol Sci 248:158–162

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Siderowf A, Jdennings D, Connolly J, Doty R, Mareck K, Stern M (2007) Risk factors for Parkinson’s disease and impaired olfaction in relatives of patients with Parkisnon’s disease. Mov Disord 22:2249–2255

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Lerner A, Bagic A (2008) Olfactory pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease revisited. Movement disorders 23:1076–1084

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Cersosimo MG, Benarroch EE (2008) Neural control of the gastrointestinal system: Implications for Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 23:1065–175

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Fujishiro H, Frigerio R, Burnett M, Klos KJ, Josephs KA, DelleDonne A, Parisi JE, Ahlskog JE, Dickson DW (2008) Cardiac sympathetic denervation correlates with clinical and pathologic stages of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 23:1085–1092

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 9th Floor Ruskin Wing, Kings College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK

    K. Ray Chaudhuri

  2. National Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, Kings College Hospital, University Hospital Lewisham, Guy’s King’s and St Thomas’ School of Medicine, London, UK

    K. Ray Chaudhuri & Yogini Naidu

Authors
  1. K. Ray Chaudhuri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yogini Naidu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to K. Ray Chaudhuri.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Chaudhuri, K.R., Naidu, Y. Early Parkinson’s disease and non-motor issues. J Neurol 255 (Suppl 5), 33–38 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-008-5006-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-008-5006-1

Key words

Search

Navigation