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Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: the multinational AKI-EPI study

Intensive Care Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Current reports on acute kidney injury (AKI) in the intensive care unit (ICU) show wide variation in occurrence rate and are limited by study biases such as use of incomplete AKI definition, selected cohorts, or retrospective design. Our aim was to prospectively investigate the occurrence and outcomes of AKI in ICU patients.

Methods

The Acute Kidney Injury–Epidemiologic Prospective Investigation (AKI-EPI) study was an international cross-sectional study performed in 97 centers on patients during the first week of ICU admission. We measured AKI by Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria, and outcomes at hospital discharge.

Results

A total of 1032 ICU patients out of 1802 [57.3 %; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 55.0–59.6] had AKI. Increasing AKI severity was associated with hospital mortality when adjusted for other variables; odds ratio of stage 1 = 1.679 (95 % CI 0.890–3.169; p = 0.109), stage 2 = 2.945 (95 % CI 1.382–6.276; p = 0.005), and stage 3 = 6.884 (95 % CI 3.876–12.228; p < 0.001). Risk-adjusted rates of AKI and mortality were similar across the world. Patients developing AKI had worse kidney function at hospital discharge with estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 in 47.7 % (95 % CI 43.6–51.7) versus 14.8 % (95 % CI 11.9–18.2) in those without AKI, p < 0.001.

Conclusions

This is the first multinational cross-sectional study on the epidemiology of AKI in ICU patients using the complete KDIGO criteria. We found that AKI occurred in more than half of ICU patients. Increasing AKI severity was associated with increased mortality, and AKI patients had worse renal function at the time of hospital discharge. Adjusted risks for AKI and mortality were similar across different continents and regions.

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Acknowledgments

This study was not funded by an external source, and the authors were not paid to write this article. The European Society of Intensive Care Medicine/European Critical Care Research Network (ESICM/ECCRN) and the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) endorsed this study. ESICM/ECCRN and ADQI had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.

The AKI-EPI Study Group

Argentina: Hospital Britanico, Buenos Aires (F. Ballestero, M.L. Caivano Nemet, E. Soloaga), Hospital Santojanni, Buenos Aires (D. Chiacchiara), HZGA Simplemente Evita, Buenos Aires (M. Anchorena, P. Centeno, H. Cabrera, M. Casalis, M. Arzel), Clinica Modelo de Lanus, Lanus (J. Vazquez), Hospital Espanol de Mendoza, Godoy Cruz (R. Fernandez, W. Vazquez), Luis Lagomaggiore, Mendoza (J.M. Pina, M.J. Marengo, G. Zakalik, A. Sanchez), Sanatorio Parque, Rosario (M. Carassai), Sanatorio San Carlos, San Carlos de Barilo (G. Alvarez, S. Benitez).

Australia: Austin Health, Heidelberg, Melbourne (R. Bellomo, G. Eastwood, L. Peck), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth (S. Webb).

Austria: University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck (J. Hasslacher, M. Joannidis, R. Reindl-Schwaighofer).

Belgium: Onze Lieve Vrouw Ziekenhuis, Aalst (N. De Neve), AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende, Brugge (M. Bourgeois), UZ Brussel, Brussels (P. Honoré, H. Spapen, R. Jacobs), Clinique Europe-St-Michel, Brussels (V. Collin), CHU Charleroi, Charleroi (P. Biston, P. Defrance, M. Piagnerelli), Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Genk (F. Jans), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D. Benoit, K. Colpaert, J. Decruyenaere, I. Herck, E. Hoste, L. De Crop, C. Clauwaert, A. Verbeke), Maria Middelares, Ghent (Y. Vandormael, J. Heerman, H. Vanoverschelde), AZ St. Lucas, Ghent (D. Rijckaert, K. Leleu), CHU de Liege, Liege (D. Ledoux, P. Wiesen), CHU UCL Dinant-Godinne, Yvoir (P. Evrard, S. Bouhon).

Brazil: Hospital do Servidor Publico Estadual de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo (B. Ribeiro de Almeida, L.K. Ramos Pereira de Araujo, S.M. Rodrigues Laranja).

Canada: University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton (S. Bagshaw, A. Parmar), Hopital Maisonneuve Rosemont, Montreal (J. Harvey, M. Leblanc).

Chile: Clinica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago (M. Espinoza).

China: Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing (Y. Jinsong), Beijing Friendship Hospital C, Beijing (M. Duan), Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou (Q. Li).

Colombia: Gestion Salud Sa, Cartagena (L.M. Carcamo, C. Espinosa, A. Llama Cano, J.A. Rojas Suarez), Corbic Institute, Envigado (N.J. Fonseca), Clinica Universitaria Bolivari, Medellin (F. Molina, A. Ochoa).

Cuba: Héroes del Baire, Nueva Gerona (J.L. Vazquez Cedeno).

Egypt: El Shefaa, Alexandria (I. Sherif), Wadi El Nile Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo (S. Badawyi), Dar Alfouad hospital, Cairo (A. Alansary).

Finland: Meilahti Hospital, Helsinki (A.-M. Korhonen, S. Nisula, V. Pettilä).

France: Hôpital Antoine Béclère APHP, Clamart (F. Jacobs), Centre Hospitalier de Dieppe, Dieppe (J.-C. Chakarian), Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches (F. Fadel), CHU Michallon, Grenoble (G. Dessertaine), Eduoard Herriot Hospital, Lyon (T. Rimmelé), Bordeaux University Hospital, Pessac (O. Joannes-Boyau), CHU Hôpital Jean Bernard, University of Poitiers, Poitiers (R. Robert).

Germany: Charité University Medicine, Berlin, and Magdeburg University Clinic, Magdeburg (M. Haase, A. Haase-Fielitz), Klinikum Nürnberg, Nuremberg (S. John, J Nentwich, Th. Schrautzer).

Greece: Hygeia Hospital, Maroussi, Athens (K. Edipidis), DTCA Hygeia, Athens (J. Droulias), Corfu General Hospital, Corfu (D. Arsenis, C. Psarakis), Papanikolaou General Hospital, Thessaloniki (A. Lavrentieva).

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China: Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin (G. Choi, C. Gomersall).

India: Kalinga Hospital, Bhubaneswar (S. Sahu), Artemis Health Institute, Gurgaon (D. Govil), AMRI, Kolkata (A. Kundu), P. D. Hinduja National Hospital, Mumbai (S. Singh, O. Sundrani), Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai (B. Trivedi), Ruby Hall Clinic, Pune (S. Prachee).

Italy: Vittorio Emanuele, Catania (G. Castiglione), San Martino, Genova (R. Pinzani), Policlino Umberto I, Rome (M. Cellie, E. Alessandri), San Bortolo, Vicenza (D. Cruz, C. Ronco).

Japan: Kyoto Prefectural University Hospital, Kyoto (F. Amaya), Jikei University School of Medicine, Minatoku (S. Uchino), Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka (T. Natsuko, H. Shimaoka), The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo (K. Doi, T. Yoshida, E. Noiri), Kyorin university Hospital, Tokyo (K. Moriyama), Yokohama City Minato Red Cross Hospital, Yokohama (T. Takei).

Mexico: Medical Center ABC, Mexico City (J. Aguirre), Hospital Espanol de Mexico, Mexico City (E. Vidal, Z.R. Martinez), Angeles Lomas Hospital, Mexico (J.P. Vazquez Mathieu, C. Abascal Caloca), Hospital Angeles Lindavista, Mexico City (C.A. Aguirre Serrato, E. Vidal), Centro Medico ISSEMYM, Metepec (E. Vidal).

The Netherlands: Martini Hospital, Groningen (B. Loef).

New Zealand: Auckland City Hospital, Auckland (R. Parke, C. Simmonds, L. Newby), Middlemore Hospital, Auckland (J. Tai), Christchurch Hospital New Zealand, Christchurch (J. Mehrtens), Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (M. La Pine), Palmerston North Hospital, Palmerston North (G. Cloughley).

Paraguay: Hospital de Clinicas, Asuncion (N. Rivas).

Peru: Hospital San Gabriel, Lima (I. Ramos Palomino).

Portugal: Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada (S. Lanca), Instituto Portugues de Oncologia, Lisboa (M.J. Bouw), Santo Antonio Hospital, Porto (C. Teixeira, S. Fontes Ribeiro).

Russia: Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, Moscow (M. Yaroustovsky).

Serbia: Institute for Pulmonary Diseases, Sremska Kamenica (U. Batranovic).

South Korea: Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul (K.-M. Lee).

Spain: General Hospital of Castellon, Castellon (S. Mas, S. Altaba), Complejo Universitario de Leon, Leon (I. Gonzalez), ICU, Hospital Universitario de Malaga, Malaga (M.E. Herrera-Gutierrez, R. Olalla-Sanchez, G. Sellez-Perez, L. Chimali-Cobano), Clinica Universidad Navarra, Pamplona (A. Ferrer-Nadal, P. Monedero, J.R. Pérez-Valdivieso), Hospital Virgen Del Camino, Pamplona (M. Garcia-Montesinos), Hospital Universitario De Valme, Sevilla (D. Herrera), Hospital Torrevieja, Torrevieja (E. Herrero), Hospital Xeral de Vigo, Vigo (J.C. Diz, B.M. Jimenez).

Switzerland: Klinik Im Park Hirslanden, Zürich (T. Gaspert).

Tunisia: Abderrahmane Mami, Ariana (M. Besbes).

Turkey: University of Kocaeli, Kocaeli (N. Baykara).

Ukraine: Institute of Nephrology National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv (M. Kolesnyk).

UK: UCL Center for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London (A. Davenport), Guy’s & St Thomas Foundation Hospital, London (M. Ostermann), Western Sussex Hospital Trust, Worthing (Y. Syed, L. Forni).

USA: Albany Medical Center Hospital, Albany (J. Cerda), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S. Demirjian), Geisinger Medical Center, Danville (M. Craft), UPMC McKeesport, McKeesport (A. Uppalapati), Bruce W. Carter Department of Critical Care Medicine, Miami (C. Cely), Ruby Memorial Hospital, Morgantown (R. Schmidt), Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K. Markelz, M. Shashaty), University of Pittsburgh Presbyterian, Pittsburgh (N. Kannan, J Kellum), Mayo Clinic, Rochester (M. Selby, K. Banaei-Kashani, J. Steuernagle), Strong Memorial Hospital, Rochester (D. Kaufman), University of California San Francisco Moffitt-Long Hospital, San Francisco (K. Kordesch, K. Liu).

Conflicts of interest

EH received speakers fee from Astute Medical, and an Industrial Research Fund (IOF) from Ghent University for a validation study on a biomarker for AKI. SMB has consulted for and received honoraria from Gambro-Baxter. CG has received sponsorship for an academic conference from Gambro. OJB has received grants and non-financial support from Gambro, BBraun, Fresenius, and Astute Medical. MJ has consulted for and received honoraria from Baxter, Gambro, Fresenius, CLS Behring, BBraun, AM Pharma, Sanofi, Astute. JK has received grant support and/or consulting fees from Fresenius, Gambro, Baxter, Astute Medical, Alere, AM Pharma, Spectral, Grifols, Cytosorbents, Alung, Atox Bio, Bard, Kaneka. RM has received grants from the International Safety Adverse Events Consortium and Thrasos, he has options in Astute Medical and served in the scientific advisory board for trials for Abbvie, AM Pharma, and Eli Lilly, and consulted for CSL Behring, GSK, Baxter, Sova, Astellas, and Sanofi-Aventis. PP has consulted for Complexa Inc. SW is Director and Shareholder of Aalix Healthcare Services Consulting, which has provided services related to AKI.

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Correspondence to Eric A. J. Hoste.

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For The AKI-EPI Study Group (members are listed in the “Acknowledgments” section).

Take-home message: In this first multinational cross-sectional study on the epidemiology of AKI in ICU patients using the complete KDIGO criteria. AKI occurred in more than half of ICU patients and was associated with mortality and worse renal function. Adjusted risks for mortality were similar across different continents and regions.

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Hoste, E.A.J., Bagshaw, S.M., Bellomo, R. et al. Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: the multinational AKI-EPI study. Intensive Care Med 41, 1411–1423 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-015-3934-7

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