Skip to main content
Log in

What motivates physicians throughout their careers in medicine?

  • Original Articles
  • Published:
Comprehensive Therapy

Review Article

Motivation provides direction and purpose in physicians’ work, and motivating factors vary during different career stages. Motivation theories divide sources of motivation into those intrinsic to the work, such as the opportunity for self-expression and intellectual challenge, and those extrinsic to the work, such as salary and time. Although much attention has focused on minimizing negative extrinsic factors, the authors argue that career resilience requires that physicians reflect on and define the sources of their own intrinsic motivation. Opportunities to maximize self-awareness may allow physicians to structure their work in ways that maximize meaning and fulfillment over the long-term.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Whitcomb ME, Cohen JJ. The future of primary care medicine. N Engl J Med 2004;351(7):710–712.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Whitcomb ME. The challenge of providing doctors for rural America. Acad Med 2005;80(8):715–716.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Powe NR, Cooper LA. Diversifying the racial and ethnic composition of the physician workforce. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141(3):223–224.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Frank E, McMurray JE, Linzer M, Elon L. Career satisfaction of US women physicians: Results from the women physicians’ health study. Arch Intern Med 1999;159(13):1417–1426.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Spickard A, Jr, Gabbe SG, Christensen JF. Mid-career burnout in generalist and specialist physicians. JAMA. 2002;288(12): 1447–1450.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Cognitive Science Library. WordNet 2.1. 2005. (wordnet.princeton.edu)

  7. Herzberg F. One more time: How do you motivate employees? 1968. Harv Bus Rev. 2003;81(1):87–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. London M. Toward a theory of career motivation. Acad Manage Rev 1983;8(4):620.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Harrison R, Turney B, Blundell A. Motivation and insight of students considering a career in medicine. Med Teach 2003;25(6):669.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Wierenga AR, Branday JM, Simeon DT, Pottinger A, Brathwaite B. Motivation for and concerns about entering a medical programme. West Indian Med J 2003;52(4):304–310.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Lovecchio K, Dundes L. Premed survival: Understanding the culling process in premedical undergraduate education. Acad Med 2002;77(7):719–724.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Kahler JA, Soule DJ. A survey of students’ attitudes toward medical school and factors motivating them to become physicians. S D J Med 1991;44(9):269–272.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Razali SM. Medical school entrance and career plans of Malaysian medical students. Med Educ 1996;30(6):418–423.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Rolfe IE, Ringland C, Pearson SA. Graduate entry to medical school? Testing some assumptions. Med Educ 2004;38(7):778–786.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Todisco J, Hayes S, Farnill D. Career motivations of male and female medical students. Psychol Rep 1995;77(3 Pt 2):1199–1202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Greenhalgh T, Seyan K, Boynton P. “Not a university type”: Focus group study of social class, ethnic, and sex differences in school pupils’ perceptions about medical school. BMJ 2004;328(7455):1541.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Wilkinson TJ, Wells JE, Bushnell JA. Are differences between graduates and undergraduates in a medical course due to age or prior degree? Med Educ 200438(11):1141–1146.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Carline JD, Patterson DG, Davis LA, Irby DM, Oakes-Borremo P. Precollege enrichment programs intended to increase the representation of minorities in medicine. Acad Med 1998;73(3):288–298.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Marcelin GE, Goldman L, Spivey WL, Eichel JD, Kaufman F, Fleischman AR. The junior fellows program: motivating urban youth toward careers in health, science, and medicine. J Urban Health 2004;81(3):516–523.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Thurmond VB, Mott A. Minority students’ career choices and education five years after they completed a summer enrichment program. Acad Med 1990;65(7):478–479.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Hesser A, Cregler LL, Lewis L. Predicting the admission into medical school of African American college students who have participated in summer academic enrichment programs. Acad Med 1998;73(2): 187–191.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Frohna A. “Watch me do it”: three trajectories toward medical school admission in a post-baccalaureate, premedical program. Acad Med 1999;74(10 Suppl):S62-S64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Barondess JA, Glaser RJ. Attitudes toward the medical career: findings from the Alpha Omega Alpha survey of college and university undergraduates. Acad Med 1993;68(5):323–328.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Colquitt WL, Killian CD. Students who consider medicine but decide against it. Acad Med 1991;66(5):273–278.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. O’Brien RL. Choosing medicine: motive, incentive, obligation. Pharos Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Med Soc 1995;58(3):38–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Cooter R, Erdmann JB, Gonnella JS, Callahan CA, Hojat M, Xu G. Economic diversity in medical education: the relationship between students’ family income and academic performance, career choice, and student debt. Eval Health Prof 2004;27(3):252–264.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Kassebaum DG, Szenas PL. Factors influencing the specialty choices of 1993 medical school graduates. Acad Med 1994;69(2):163–170.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Mutha S, Takayama JI, O’Neil EH. Insights into medical students’ career choices based on third- and fourth-year students’ focus-group discussions. Acad Med 1997;72(7):635–640.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Baker LC, Barker DC. Factors associated with the perception that debt influences physicians’ specialty choices. Acad Med 1997;72(12):1088–1096.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Rosenblatt RA, Andrilla CH. The impact of U.S. medical students’ debt on their choice of primary care careers: an analysis of data from the 2002 medical school graduation questionnaire. Acad Med 2005;80(9):815–819.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Rogers LQ, Fincher RM, Lewis LA. Factors influencing medical students to choose primary care or non-primary care specialties. Acad Med 1990;65(9 Suppl):S47-S48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kassler WJ, Wartman SA, Silliman RA. Why medical students choose primary care careers. Acad Med 1991;66(1):41–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Herbert-Carter J. Factors influencing career choices of second-year students at a traditionally black medical school. Acad Med 1992;67(4):286.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Kiker BF, Zeh M. Relative income expectations, expected malpractice premium costs, and other determinants of physician specialty choice. J Health Soc Behav 1998;39(2):152–167.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Newton DA, Grayson MS, Thompson LF. The variable influence of lifestyle and income on medical students’ career specialty choices: data from two U.S. medical schools, 1998-2004. Acad Med 2005;80(9):809–814.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Erzurum VZ, Obermeyer RJ, Fecher A, et al. What influences medical students’ choice of surgical careers. Surgery 2000; 128(2): 253–256.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Baxter N, Cohen R, McLeod R. The impact of gender on the choice of surgery as a career. Am J Surg 1996;172(4):373–376.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Thornton J, Esposto F. How important are economic factors in choice of medical specialty? Health Econ 2003;12(1):67–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Buddeberg-Fischer B, Klaghofer R, Abel T, Buddeberg C. The influence of gender and personality traits on the career planning of Swiss medical students. Swiss Med Wkly 2003;133(39-40):535–540.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Jarecky RK, Schwartz RW, Haley JV, Donnelly MB. Stability of medical specialty selection at the University of Kentucky. Acad Med 1991;66(12):756–761.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Burack JH, Irby DM, Carline JD, Ambrozy DM, Ellsbury KE, Stritter FT. A study of medical students’ specialty-choice pathways: trying on possible selves. Acad Med 1997;72(6):534–541.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Thakur A, Fedorka P, Ko C, Buchmiller-Crair TL, Atkinson JB, Fonkalsrud EW. Impact of mentor guidance in surgical career selection. J Pediatr Surg 2001;36(12):1802–1804.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Cantor JC, Miles EL, Baker LC, Barker DC. Physician service to the underserved: implications for affirmative action in medical education. Inquiry 1996;33(2):167–180.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Tippets EA, Westpheling KM. Practice in medically underserved areas: medical students’ attitudes and intents. Acad Med 1993;68 (10 Suppl):S67-S69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Williams GC, Wiener MW, Markakis KM, Reeve J, Deci EL. Medical students’ motivation for internal medicine. J Gen Intern Med 1994;9(6):327–333.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Williams GC, Saizow R, Ross L, Deci EL. Motivation underlying career choice for internal medicine and surgery. Soc Sci Med 1997;45(11):1705–1713.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Wright SM, Carrese JA. Excellence in role modelling: insight and perspectives from the pros. CMAJ 2002;167(6):638–643.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Wright SM, Carrese JA. Serving as a physician role model for a diverse population of medical learners. Acad Med 2003;78(6):623–628.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Griffith CH, Georgesen JC, Wilson JF. Specialty choices of students who actually have choices: the influence of excellent clinical teachers. Acad Med 2000;75(3):278–282.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Brady DW, Corbie-Smith G, Branch WT. “What’s important to you?” The use of narratives to promote self-reflection and to understand the experiences of medical residents. Ann Intern Med 2002;137(3):220–223.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Hume F, Wilhelm K. Career choice and experience of distress amongst interns: a survey of new South Wales internship 1987-1990. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1994;28(2):319–327.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Maslach C, Schaufeli WB, Leiter MP. Job burnout. Annu Rev Psychol2001;52:397–422.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Shanafelt TD, Bradley KA, Wipf JE, Back AL. Burnout and selfreported patient care in an internal medicine residency program. Ann Intern Med 2002;136(5):358–367.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Zuger A. Dissatisfaction with medical practice. N Engl J Med 2004;350(1):69–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Mechanic D. Physician discontent: challenges and opportunities. JAMA 2003;290(7):941–946.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Understand the top 10 reasons doctors quit jobs. Health Care Strateg Manage 2005 Oct;23(10):9.

  57. Taljanovic MS, Hunter TB, Krupinski EA, Alcala JN, Fitzpatrick KA, Ovitt TW. Academic radiology: the reasons to stay or leave. Acad Radiol 2003;10(12):1461–1468.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Kamien M. Staying in or leaving rural practice: 1996 outcomes of rural doctors’ 1986 intentions. Med J Aust 1998;169(6):318–321.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Hyppola H, Kumpusalo E, Neittaanmaki L, et al. Becoming a doctor–was it the wrong career choice? Soc Sci Med 1998;47(9): 1383–1387.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Mennin SP, Kalishman S, Friedman M, Pathak D, Snyder J. A survey of graduates in practice from the university of new mexico’ s conventional and community-oriented, problem-based tracks. Acad Med 1996;71(10):1079–1089.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Wright SM, Beasley BW. Motivating factors for academic physicians within departments of medicine. Mayo Clin Proc 2004;79(9): 1145–1150.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Weiner EL, Swain GR, Wolf B, Gottlieb M. A qualitative study of physicians’ own wellness-promotion practices. West J Med 2001; 174(1):19–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Horowitz CR, Suchman AL, Branch WT, Jr, Frankel RM. What do doctors find meaningful about their work? Ann Intern Med 2003;138(9):772–775.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Hartley S, Macfarlane F, Gantley M, Murray E. Influence on general practitioners of teaching undergraduates: qualitative study of london general practitioner teachers. BMJ. 1999;319(7218):1168–1171.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Anandarajah G. Reflections on precepting. Fam Med 2001;33(1): 19–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Cook DJ, Griffith LE, Sackett DL. Importance of and satisfaction with work and professional interpersonal issues: a survey of physicians practicing general internal medicine in ontario. CMAJ 1995;153(6):755–764.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Quill TE, Williamson PR. Healthy approaches to physician stress. Arch Intern Med 1990;150(9):1857–1861.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Kern DE, Wright SM, Carrese JA, et al. Personal growth in medical faculty: a qualitative study. West J Med 2001;175(2):92–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Epstein RM. Mindful practice. JAMA 1999;282(9):833–839.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. McMullen B. Emotional intelligence. BMJ 2003;326(7381):S19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Cole KA, Barker LR, Kolodner K, Williamson P, Wright SM, Kern DE. Faculty development in teaching skills: an intensive longitudinal model. Acad Med 2004;79(5):469–480.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Bligh J. Faculty development. Med Educ 2005;39(2):120–121.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Grandinetti D. Could a “coach” get you motivated about medicine? Med Econ 2000;77(1):71–2–75–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. McCurdy FA, Marcdante K. Setting a personal career direction. J Cardiovasc Manag 2003;14(2):18–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Manion K. Finding physician fulfillment. Physician Exec 2005;31(5):32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Neda Ratanawongsa MD.

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ratanawongsa, N., Howell, E.E. & Wright, S.M. What motivates physicians throughout their careers in medicine?. Compr Ther 32, 210–217 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02698065

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02698065

Keywords

Navigation