Demographic, clinical characteristics and neuropsychological function in study groups*
| NCs (n=28) | PD | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Early stage (n=29) | Advanced stage (n=10) | ||
| Age (years) | 66.64±6.18 | 62.55±8.77 | 64.70±11.20 |
| Gender (male/female) | 17/11 | 18/11 | 9/1 |
| Age at onset (years) | – | 56.29±9.36 | 54.39±13.17 |
| Disease duration (years) | – | 5.08±2.54 | 8.72±3.80† |
| MMSE | 27.29±1.58 | 26.4±1.43‡ | 25.90±1.29‡ |
| WMS-LM | |||
| immediate-recall (raw) | 33.46±10.99 | 23.96±10.43‡ | 17.55±8.05‡ |
| immediate-theme (raw) | 14.43±4.28 | 11.17±4.28‡ | 8.25±4.20‡ |
| delayed-recall (raw) | 20.68±8.37 | 11.63±7.40‡ | 10.38±6.39‡ |
| delayed-theme (raw) | 9.50±3.58 | 5.88±3.79‡ | 4.88±3.18‡ |
| recognition | 24.11±3.11 | 22.08±3.74‡ | 19.88±2.36‡ |
| Executive function | |||
| Verbal Fluency | 36.93±6.76 | 35.36±8.74 | 28.10±5.02†‡ |
| MCST-C | 4.86±1.88 | 3.59±1.68‡ | 2.10±1.37†‡ |
| MCST-P | 4.39±4.43 | 8.41±7.35‡ | 12.70±9.88‡ |
| TMTA | 69.19±37.33 | 70.70±40.37 | 113.40±53.92†‡ |
| TMTB | 136.83±53.38 | 181.04±127.7 | 368.33±230.02†‡ |
*Results are expressed as mean±SD, except for gender (female/male proportion).
†p<0.05 compared with early stage PD.
‡p<0.05 compared with normal controls.
LM, logical memory; MCST-C and MCST-P indicate the achieved categories and perseverative errors in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, respectively; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; NCs, normal controls; PD, Parkinson's disease; TMT, Trail Making Test; WMS, Wechsler Memory Scale.