Univariate conditional logistic regression analysis for hearing impairment variables, occupational noise exposure, BMI, smoking and depression in COPD cases and controls controlling for age
| p Value | OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Hearing problems in general | 0.34 | 0.85 (0.51 to 1.19) |
| Difficulties in a face-to-face conversation | 0.20 | 1.45 (0.88 to 2.02) |
| Difficulties in a group conversation | 0.17 | 1.38 (0.92 to 1.84) |
| Whispering voice test | 0.84 | 1.08 (0.37 to 1.79) |
| Mean air conduction hearing loss (better ear) | 0.39 | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.03) |
| Mean bone conduction hearing loss (better ear) | 0.0098 | 1.04 (1.00 to 1.07) |
| Mean sound conduction loss* | 0.08 | 0.96 (0.92 to 1.06) |
| HHIE-S total score | 0.0432 | 1.04 (1.00 to 1.08) |
| Hearing loss ≥40 dB at 1 or 2 kHz in both ears | 0.51 | 1.34 (0.47 to 2.20) |
| Hearing loss ≥40 dB at 1 and 2 kHz in one ear | 0.82 | 1.12 (0.16 to 2.07) |
| Sensorineural hearing loss (better ear) ≥25 dB† | 0.16 | 1.67 (0.95 to 2.38) |
| Occupational noise exposure | 0.81 | 1.04 (0.71 to 1.38) |
| BMI | 0.40 | 1.02 (0.97 to 1.08) |
| Smoking | <0.0001 | 10.15 (9.19 to 11.11) |
| Depression | 0.010 | 2.87 (2.07 to 3.68) |
*Sound conduction loss means the difference between hearing loss in bone and air conduction.
BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HHIE-S, Hearing Inventory for the Elderly, Screening Version.
†A hearing loss in the bone conduction of at least 25 dB is considered as moderate hearing impairment.