Baseline characteristics of participants by vital status, the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study
| All | Survivors | Decedents | p Value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 3141 | 2560 | 581 | |
| Men, n (%) | 2716 (86.5) | 2206 (86.2) | 510 (87.8) | 0.306 |
| Women, n (%) | 425 (13.5) | 354 (13.8) | 71 (12.2) | |
| Follow-up (years) | 27.3 (4.4) | 28.9 (0.7) | 20.4 (6.4) | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 45.0 (9.6) | 43.1 (8.6) | 53.1 (9.7) | <0.001 |
| Resting systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 116.9 (12.7) | 115.8 (12.1) | 121.7 (14.1) | <0.001 |
| Resting diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 78.9 (8.7) | 78.3 (8.4) | 81.4 (9.5) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 204.8 (34.4) | 203.4 (34.1) | 211.1 (35.2) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 134.3 (31.3) | 133.3 (31.1) | 138.8 (31.8) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 48.0 (11.8) | 48.0 (11.6) | 47.8 (12.4) | 0.683 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 112.8 (61.6) | 110.6 (61.0) | 122.6 (63.7) | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 96.2 (13.3) | 95.3 (11.7) | 100.3 (18.5) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/cm2) | 24.6 (3.0) | 24.5 (3.0) | 25.2 (3.3) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity guidelines† | ||||
| Not meeting guidelines | 1798 (57.2) | 1460 (57.0) | 338 (58.2) | 0.609 |
| Meeting guidelines | 571 (18.2) | 467 (18.2) | 104 (17.9) | |
| Exceeding guidelines | 772 (24.6) | 633 (24.7) | 139 (23.9) | |
| Cardiorespiratory fitness‡, n (%) | ||||
| Low | 1105 (35.2) | 843 (32.9) | 262 (45.1) | <0.001 |
| Middle | 1025 (32.6) | 854 (33.4) | 171 (29.4) | |
| High | 1011 (32.2) | 863 (33.7) | 148 (25.5) | |
| Car time§, n (%) | ||||
| Q1 | 925 (29.4) | 746 (29.1) | 179 (30.8) | 0.8904 |
| Q2 | 848 (27.0) | 695 (27.1) | 153 (26.3) | |
| Q3 | 637 (20.3) | 534 (20.9) | 103 (17.4) | |
| Q4 | 731 (23.3) | 585 (22.9) | 146 (25.1) | |
| TV viewing§, n (%) | ||||
| Q1 | 793 (25.2) | 668 (26.1) | 125 (21.5) | 0.0034 |
| Q2 | 837 (26.6) | 697 (27.2) | 140 (24.1) | |
| Q3 | 812 (25.9) | 636 (24.8) | 176 (30.3) | |
| Q4 | 699 (22.3) | 559 (21.8) | 140 (24.1) | |
| Total sedentary time§, n (%) | ||||
| Q1 | 895 (28.5) | 749 (29.3) | 146 (25.1) | 0.0081 |
| Q2 | 687 (21.9) | 571 (22.3) | 116 (20.0) | |
| Q3 | 845 (26.9) | 673 (26.3) | 172 (29.6) | |
| Q4 | 714 (22.7) | 567 (22.2) | 147 (25.3) | |
| Alcohol intake¶ | ||||
| Non-drinkers | 722 (23.0) | 588 (23.0) | 134 (23.1) | 0.3064 |
| Light drinkers | 426 (13.6) | 360 (14.1) | 66 (11.4) | |
| Moderate drinkers | 1424 (45.3) | 1162 (45.4) | 262 (45.1) | |
| Heavy drinkers | 540 (17.2) | 429 (16.8) | 111 (19.1) | |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 452 (14.4) | 350 (13.7) | 102 (17.6) | 0.003 |
| Personal history of hypertension, n (%) | 520 (16.6) | 368 (14.4) | 152 (26.2) | <0.001 |
| Personal history of diabetes, n (%) | 60 (1.9) | 39 (1.5) | 21 (3.6) | <0.001 |
| Family history of CVD n (%) | 451 (14.4) | 384 (15.0) | 67 (11.5) | 0.031 |
Values are mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated.
*Wald trend test p values for continuous variables; Jonckeheere-Terpstra trend test p values for categorical variables.
†Physical activity was based on self-reported type, time and intensity of activity which were converted into MET minutes per week. METs were then categorised into: (1) not meeting physical activity guidelines (<500 MET mi/week); meeting physical activity guidelines (500–1000 MET min/week); and (3) exceeding physical activity guidelines (>1000 MET min/week).
‡Cardiorespiratory fitness was categorised into age (20–39, 40–49, 50–59 and ≥60 years) and gender-specific tertiles based on the distribution of the sample.
§Total sedentary time (ie, the sum of reported TV viewing and car time) was categorised into sample-specific quartiles (Q): Q1 (0–10 h/week), Q2 (11–15 h/week), Q3 (16–22 h/week) and Q4 (≥23 h/week). Quartiles of car time: (Q): Q1 (0–4 h/week), Q2 (5–7 h/week), Q3 (8–10 h/week) and Q4 (≥11 h/week). Quartiles of TV viewing: (Q): Q1 (0–3 h/week), Q2 (4–7 h/week), Q3 (8–12 h/week) and Q4 (≥13 h/week).
¶Non-drinker: 0 drinks per week; light drinker ≤3 drinks per week; moderate drinker: >3–7 drinks a week for women and >3–14 drinks per week for men; heavy drinker >7 drinks per week for women and >14 drinks/week for men. A total of 29 participants had missing values for alcohol intake and thus a ‘missing’ category was utilised in multivariable analysis.
CVD, cardiovascular disease; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MET, metabolic equivalent; Q: quartile; TV, television.