Table 1

Descriptive statistics of inputs, outputs and explanatory variables

	2010	2011	2012		2010	2011	2012
Inputs				Outputs
Physicians				Outpatient and emergency visits
Mean	112	114	122	Mean	170 008	190 256	218 887
Maximum	256	237	344	Maximum	498 574	583 348	593 502
Minimum	23	20	20	Minimum	26 280	28 291	34 920
SD	51	55	62	SD	94 413	103 403	115 943
Nurses				Inpatient Days
Mean	153	174	194	Mean	112 391	127 401	152 491
Maximum	430	453	575	Maximum	298 062	342 384	390 013
Minimum	27	26	23	Minimum	15 862	23 250	23 253
SD	80	95	110	SD	64 341	74 159	88 382
Hospital beds
Mean	373	396	462
Maximum	915	1109	1109
Minimum	100	100	100
SD	193	213	243
Explanatory variables
GDP per capita				ALoS
Mean	24 957	29 084	31 236	Mean	7.8	7.9	7.9
Maximum	70 006	70 473	74 571	Maximum	14.5	14.6	14.6
Minimum	9282	11 531	13 975	Minimum	4.7	5.0	4.1
SD	13 249	14 86	15 808	SD	1.6	1.6	1.6
Catchment population (POP)				OCCU
Mean	660 000	650 000	650 000	Mean	85.0%	90.4%	92.5%
Maximum	160 000	1 630 000	1 630 000	Maximum	115.6%	131.2%	149.0%
Minimum	70 000	70 000	70 000	Minimum	33.2%	42.2%	43.1%
SD	270 000	270 000	260 000	SD	16.2%	14.9%	14.8%
HHI				RONTP
Mean	504	519	524	Mean	1.37	1.56	1.63
Max	1278	1287	1310	Max	2.27	3.90	4.30
Min	288	286	285	Min	0.57	0.50	0.46
SD	168	170	172	SD	0.36	0.52	0.60
Proportion of government subsidy in hospital revenues (GOV subsidy)				ROBTN
Mean	4.59%	5.99%	5.84%	Mean	2.60	2.48	2.69
Maximum	50.11%	43.51%	78.92%	Maximum	5.56	6.84	8.87
Minimum	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	Minimum	1.21	1.29	1.02
SD	7.65%	7.78%	10.18%	SD	0.84	0.93	1.29

ALoS, average length of stay; GDP, gross domestic product; HHI, Herfindahl-Hirschman Index; OCCU, bed occupancy rate; POP, regional catchment population dummy variable; ROBTN, ratio of beds to nurses; RONTP, ratio of nurses to physicians.