Association between self-reported SHS exposure and blood concentration of lead/cadmium in never-smokers
| Number | Lead (µg/dL) | Cadmium (µg/L) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | n | Crude mean | p Value | Adjusted mean | p Value | Crude mean | p Value | Adjusted mean | p Value |
| Total duration of passive smoking per day (h) | 1490 | 0.71 (overall) | 0.55 (overall) | 0.313 (overall) | 0.006 (overall) | ||||
| 0 | 1045 | 2.02 (1.95 to 2.08) | ref | 1.97 (1.91 to 2.04) | ref | 1.26 (1.21 to 1.31) | ref | 1.21 (1.16 to 1.25) | ref |
| >0 to <1 | 287 | 1.95 (1.84 to 2.06) | 0.31 | 1.96 (1.86 to 2.07) | 0.84 | 1.08 (1.01 to 1.16) | <0.001 | 1.13 (1.06 to 1.19) | 0.049 |
| ≥1 | 158 | 2.09 (1.97 to 2.21) | 0.3 | 2.03 (1.91 to 2.16) | 0.41 | 1.45 (1.32 to 1.60) | 0.01 | 1.46 (1.35 to 1.58) | <0.001 |
| Duration of passive smoking at work per day (h) | 1490 | 0.16 (overall) | 0.10 (overall) | 0.30 (overall) | 0.005 (overall) | ||||
| 0 | 1178 | 2.00 (1.93 to 2.06) | ref | 1.96 (1.90 to 2.16) | ref | 1.25 (1.20 to 1.29) | ref | 1.20 (1.16 to 1.24) | ref |
| >0 to <1 | 239 | 2.02 (1.92 to 2.13) | 0.69 | 2.04 (1.93 to 2.15) | 0.18 | 1.16 (1.07 to 1.25) | 0.096 | 1.24 (1.15 to 1.34) | 0.44 |
| ≥1 | 73 | 2.19 (1.98 to 2.40) | 0.087 | 2.11 (1.90 to 2.32) | 0.18 | 1.50 (1.32 to 1.68) | 0.009 | 1.50 (1.32 to 1.68) | 0.001 |
| Duration of passive smoking at home per day (h) | 1490 | 0.45 (overall) | 0.63 (overall) | 0.44 (overall) | 0.13 (overall) | ||||
| 0 | 1284 | 2.02 (1.96 to 2.08) | ref | 1.98 (1.93 to 2.04) | ref | 1.24 (1.20 to 1.29) | ref | 1.21 (1.17 to 1.25) | ref |
| >0 to <1 | 171 | 1.98 (1.85 to 2.10) | 0.53 | 1.98 (1.85 to 2.10) | 0.93 | 1.21 (1.10 to 1.32) | 0.55 | 1.23 (1.13 to 1.33) | 0.74 |
| ≥1 | 35 | 1.96 (1.71 to 2.22) | 0.66 | 1.90 (1.66 to 2.14) | 0.5 | 1.50 (1.18 to 1.83) | 0.13 | 1.45 (1.23 to 1.67) | 0.04 |
| Presence of family members who actively smoked | 1490 | 0.3 | 0.79 | 0.77 | 0.43 | ||||
| No | 1235 | 2.02 (1.96 to 2.09) | 1.98 (1.93 to 2.04) | 1.25 (1.21 to 1.30) | 1.21 (1.17 to 1.25) | ||||
| Yes | 255 | 1.96 (1.86 to 2.07) | 1.97 (1.86 to 2.08) | 1.23 (1.13 to 1.33) | 1.25 (1.17 to 1.33) | ||||
All data are weighted to the residential population of South Korea.
Multiple linear analyses were used to calculate means adjusted for age, residential area, education, family income, daily alcohol intake and occupation.
Data are presented as the means (95% CI).
p Value from multivariate linear regression.
ref, reference value; SHS, secondhand smoke.