Table 2

Effects of economic characteristics, ecological footprints and CO₂ emissions on infant mortality rates

	Sub-Saharan Africa (N=675)			Latin America (N=297)			Others (N=525)
Variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Economic variables
Debt (%)	0.0001*†	0.0001*	0.0001*	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	−0.0003*	−0.0003*	−0.0003*
Debt (%)	(0.00003)	(0.00003)	(0.00003)	(0.0001)	(0.0001)	(0.0001)	(0.0001)	(0.0001)	(0.0001)
Export to high-income	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	−0.00003	−0.00002	−0.00003	−0.00002	−0.00001	−0.00003
Countries (%)	(0.0001)	(0.0001)	(0.0001)	(0.0002)	(0.0002)	(0.0002)	(0.0002)	(0.0002)	(0.0002)
Manufacturing activities (%)	0.0010	0.001	0.001	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.0001	0.0001	−0.00003
Manufacturing activities (%)	(0.0007)	(0.0007)	(0.0007)	(0.0009)	(0.0009)	(0.0009)	(0.0003)	(0.0003)	(0.0003)
Export intensity (%)	−0.0001	−0.0001	−0.0001	−0.0006*	−0.0006*	−0.0006*	−0.0007*	−0.0007*	−0.0008*
Export intensity (%)	(0.0002)	(0.0002)	(0.0002)	(0.0003)	(0.0003)	(0.0003)	(0.0003)	(0.0003)	(0.0003)
Foreign investment (%)	−0.0001	−0.0001	−0.0001	−0.002*	−0.002*	−0.002*	−0.001*	−0.001*	−0.001*
Foreign investment (%)	(0.0001)	(0.0001)	(0.0001)	(0.0004)	(0.0004)	(0.0004)	(0.0002)	(0.0002)	(0.0002)
Demographic and health service variables
Rural population (%)	0.027*	0.028*	0.028*	0.053*	0.053*	0.052*	0.033*	0.033*	0.033*
Rural population (%)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)
Female education (%)	−0.0007*	−0.0007*	−0.0007*	0.0008	0.0008	0.0008	−0.0006	−0.0006*	−0.0006*
Female education (%)	(0.0002)	(0.0002)	(0.0002)	(0.0005)	(0.0005)	(0.0005)	(0.0003)	(0.0003)	(0.0003)
GDP per capita	−0.00001	−0.00001*	−0.00001	−0.00003*	−0.00003*	−0.00003*	−0.0001*	−0.0001*	−0.0001*
GDP per capita	(0.00001)	(0.00001)	(0.00001)	(0.00001)	(0.00001)	(0.00001)	(0.00001)	(0.00001)	(0.00001)
Democracy	−0.0007	−0.0007	−0.0007	0.002*	0.002*	0.002*	0.0003	0.0002	0.0002
Democracy	(0.0005)	(0.0005)	(0.0005)	(0.0008)	(0.0008)	(0.0008)	(0.0007)	(0.0007)	(0.0007)
Population growth	0.002	0.002*	0.002	0.088*	0.087*	0.088*	0.005	0.004	0.005
Population growth	(0.002)	(0.0020)	(0.002)	(0.024)	(0.024)	(0.024)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)
Health services	−0.007	−0.007*	−0.007	−0.009*	−0.009*	−0.009*	−0.022*	−0.022*	−0.021*
Health services	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)
1980s‡	−0.007	−0.007	−0.007	−0.015	−0.015	−0.015	−0.056*	−0.055*	−0.056*
1980s‡	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.011)	(0.011)	(0.011)
1990s	0.006	0.006	0.006	−0.001	−0.0008	−0.001	−0.030*	−0.029*	−0.030*
1990s	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.009)
Environmental variables
Ecological footprint		0.006			−0.006			0.004
Ecological footprint		(0.007)			(0.009)			(0.005)
CO₂ emissions			−0.0013			−0.0037			0.0181
CO₂ emissions			(0.0040)			(0.0106)			(0.0051)

*p<0.05.
†Regression coefficient.
‡Reference group: year >2000.
GDP, gross domestic product.