Characteristics by the presence and severity of depression
| Without depression (n=815) | With depression | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Overall (n=386) | Mild (n=228) | Moderate to severe (n=158) | p Value* | p Trend† | |
| Age, year | 58.4±9.9 | 59.5±10.2 | 59.4±10.2 | 59.5±10.3 | 0.079 | 0.213 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 119.2±18.1 | 117.9±17.2 | 120.0±17.5 | 114.8±16.4 | 0.248 | 0.010 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 70.0±10.2 | 70.1±9.6 | 71.2±9.7 | 68.6±9.3 | 0.800 | 0.046 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 95.8±18.0 | 96.5±18.3 | 96.5±17.6 | 96.4±19.4 | 0.561 | 0.842 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.8±0.8 | 5.8±0.8 | 5.9±0.9 | 5.7±0.7 | 0.657 | 0.146 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 199.2±34.2 | 199.4±34.1 | 198.3±34.5 | 201.1±33.5 | 0.909 | 0.734 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.9±3.3 | 24.7±3.1 | 24.7±3.0 | 24.6±3.2 | 0.392 | 0.649 |
| Menopause | ||||||
| Premenopause | 178 (21.9) | 76 (19.7) | 45 (19.7) | 31 (19.8) | 0.444 | 0.439 |
| Postmenopause | 636 (78.1) | 309 (80.3) | 183 (80.3) | 126 (80.3) | ||
| Income | ||||||
| <1 500 000 won | 411 (55.2) | 220 (61.8) | 126 (60.0) | 94 (64.4) | 0.044 | 0.025 |
| ≥1 500 000 won | 334 (44.8) | 136 (38.2) | 84 (40.0) | 52 (35.6) | ||
| Employment | ||||||
| No | 283 (34.7) | 162 (42.0) | 95 (41.7) | 67 (42.4) | 0.018 | 0.022 |
| Yes | 532 (65.3) | 224 (58.0) | 133 (58.3) | 91 (57.6) | ||
| Alcohol intake | ||||||
| Former/non-drinkers | 633 (77.8) | 297 (76.9) | 174 (76.3) | 123 (77.9) | 0.807 | 0.877 |
| Current drinkers | 181 (22.2) | 89 (23.1) | 54 (23.7) | 35 (22.2) | ||
| Regular exercise | ||||||
| No | 532 (65.3) | 248 (64.3) | 143 (62.7) | 105 (66.5) | 0.777 | 0.979 |
| Yes | 283 (34.7) | 138 (35.8) | 85 (37.3) | 53 (33.5) | ||
| Hypertension | ||||||
| No | 527 (64.7) | 238 (61.7) | 134 (58.8) | 104 (65.8) | 0.344 | 0.705 |
| Yes | 288 (35.3) | 148 (38.3) | 94 (41.2) | 54 (34.2) | ||
| Diabetes | ||||||
| No | 695 (85.5) | 328 (85.0) | 189 (82.9) | 139 (88.0) | 0.883 | 0.745 |
| Yes | 118 (14.5) | 58 (15.0) | 39 (17.1) | 19 (12.0) | ||
| Hypercholesterolaemia | ||||||
| No | 508 (62.6) | 247 (64.0) | 145 (63.6) | 102 (64.6) | 0.679 | 0.606 |
| Yes | 304 (37.4) | 139 (36.0) | 83 (36.4) | 56 (35.4) | ||
| Psychosocial stress | ||||||
| No | 389 (47.7) | 102 (26.4) | 69 (30.3) | 33 (20.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 426 (52.3) | 284 (73.6) | 159 (69.7) | 125 (79.1) | ||
| ETS | ||||||
| No exposure | 656 (80.5) | 287 (74.4) | 163 (71.5) | 124 (78.5) | 0.019 | 0.113 |
| Exposure | 159 (19.5) | 99 (26.7) | 65 (28.5) | 34 (21.5) | ||
Data are expressed as mean±SD or number (%).
*p Value for difference between no depression and overall depression.
†p Trend for linear trend across no, mild and moderate-to-severe depression.
BP, blood pressure; ETS, environmental tobacco smoke; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin.