Table 3

Adjusted effect of number of offspring on QoL according to parent

	Total			Father			Mother
	Estimate	SE	p Value	Estimate	SE	p Value	Estimate	SE	p Value
Number of offspring
0	−9.384	0.606	<0.0001	−7.492	0.829	<0.0001	−8.998	0.934	<0.0001
1	−2.570	0.355	<0.0001	−2.515	0.515	<0.0001	−2.422	0.492	<0.0001
2	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
3	1.162	0.249	<0.0001	1.470	0.360	<0.0001	1.020	0.346	0.004
4	−0.339	0.338	0.316	0.404	0.528	0.446	−0.611	0.442	0.168
≥5	0.885	0.369	0.017	1.304	0.612	0.035	0.797	0.467	0.090
Average age of offspring (years)
Q1 (≤27.5)	−4.221	0.604	<0.0001	−4.847	0.958	<0.0001	−4.473	0.822	<0.0001
Q2 (27.6–36.0)	−2.427	0.514	<0.0001	−2.827	0.854	0.001	−2.949	0.686	<0.0001
Q3 (36.1–44.0)	−1.895	0.415	<0.0001	−2.012	0.717	0.005	−1.814	0.538	0.001
Q4 (≥44.1)	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Age (years)
≤49	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
50–54	−0.383	0.380	0.314	−0.670	0.543	0.217	−0.077	0.541	0.887
55–59	−0.006	0.446	0.989	−0.151	0.616	0.806	−0.005	0.671	0.994
60–64	−0.529	0.499	0.289	−0.539	0.712	0.449	−0.933	0.739	0.206
65–69	−1.508	0.561	0.007	−0.910	0.805	0.258	−2.876	0.823	0.001
70–74	−3.509	0.634	<0.0001	−3.794	0.928	<0.0001	−4.213	0.914	<0.0001
≥75	−4.518	0.698	<0.0001	−5.692	1.092	<0.0001	−5.202	0.968	<0.0001
Gender
Male (father)	−0.044	0.291	0.880	NA			NA
Female (mother)	Ref.
Education
Elementary school or less	−10.518	0.354	<0.0001	−9.596	0.452	0.000	−11.638	0.624	<0.0001
Middle school	−6.714	0.362	<0.0001	−6.580	0.462	0.001	−7.228	0.639	<0.0001
High school	−3.891	0.322	<0.0001	−3.959	0.389	0.002	−4.407	0.607	0.000
College or above	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Marital status
Married	0.089	0.248	0.718	0.983	0.318	0.002	−1.249	0.400	0.002
Single (including separated, divorced)	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Income
Yes	5.149	0.264	<0.0001	9.107	0.520	<0.0001	3.625	0.317	<0.0001
No	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Economic activity
Yes	2.949	0.233	<0.0001	4.687	0.350	<0.0001	1.503	0.323	<0.0001
No	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Number of visits with friends
Never	−11.104	0.373	<0.0001	−11.997	0.556	<0.0001	−9.578	0.505	<0.0001
3–6 times a year	−5.126	0.375	<0.0001	−5.246	0.555	<0.0001	−4.901	0.507	<0.0001
1–2 times a month	−3.924	0.271	<0.0001	−3.770	0.390	<0.0001	−4.120	0.380	<0.0001
1–2 times a week	−2.644	0.234	<0.0001	−2.547	0.363	<0.0001	−2.757	0.305	<0.0001
Every day	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Smoking status
Never	3.988	0.298	<0.0001	3.349	0.336	<0.0001	6.662	0.761	<0.0001
Former smoker	3.142	0.336	<0.0001	2.972	0.356	<0.0001	3.185	1.333	0.018
Smoker	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Alcohol use
Yes	0.746	0.238	0.002	0.070	0.360	0.845	1.332	0.327	<0.0001
Former user	−2.202	0.341	<0.0001	−2.296	0.466	<0.0001	−2.038	0.561	0.000
No	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Depressive symptoms
Yes	−11.078	0.360	<0.0001	−10.222	0.618	<0.0001	−11.179	0.441	<0.0001
No	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Number of chronic diseases
0	4.211	0.462	<0.0001	3.918	0.730	<0.0001	4.379	0.595	<0.0001
1	2.581	0.489	<0.0001	2.803	0.778	0.000	2.457	0.625	<0.0001
≥2	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Year
2006	−3.798	0.299	<0.0001	−3.127	0.436	<0.0001	−4.103	0.410	<0.0001
2008	−2.769	0.292	<0.0001	−2.320	0.428	<0.0001	−2.891	0.398	<0.0001
2010	−3.100	0.281	<0.0001	−2.806	0.411	<0.0001	−3.135	0.385	<0.0001
2012	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.

QoL, quality of life; Ref., reference.