Table 2

Adjusted effect of number of offspring on HRQoL according to parent

	Total			Father			Mother
	Estimate	SE	p Value	Estimate	SE	p Value	Estimate	SE	p Value
Number of offspring
0	−7.762	0.679	<0.0001	−6.143	0.949	<0.0001	−8.372	1.031	<0.0001
1	−2.425	0.398	<0.0001	−2.245	0.589	0.000	−2.554	0.543	<0.0001
2	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
3	0.991	0.279	0.000	1.111	0.412	0.008	0.967	0.382	0.012
4	−0.744	0.379	0.051	−0.418	0.605	0.491	−0.785	0.488	0.109
≥5	−1.529	0.414	0.000	−0.400	0.700	0.569	−1.897	0.516	0.000
Average age of offspring (years)
Q1 (≤27.5)	−1.333	0.677	0.049	−2.467	1.097	0.025	−1.283	0.907	0.158
Q2 (27.6–36.0)	−0.271	0.576	0.638	−1.081	0.977	0.269	−1.297	0.757	0.087
Q3 (36.1–44.0)	0.123	0.465	0.793	−0.123	0.821	0.881	−0.527	0.593	0.374
Q4 (≥44.1)	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Age (years)
≤49	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
50–54	0.172	0.426	0.687	0.006	0.621	0.993	0.745	0.597	0.212
55–59	−0.537	0.500	0.283	−0.385	0.705	0.585	0.118	0.741	0.874
60–64	−1.612	0.559	0.004	−1.129	0.815	0.166	−1.425	0.815	0.081
65–69	−2.771	0.629	<0.0001	−1.055	0.921	0.252	−4.164	0.909	<0.0001
70–74	−4.546	0.711	<0.0001	−3.596	1.062	0.001	−5.740	1.009	<0.0001
≥75	−6.028	0.782	<0.0001	−6.268	1.250	<0.0001	−7.011	1.069	<0.0001
Gender
Male (father)	0.479	0.326	0.142	NA			NA
Female (mother)	Ref.
Education
Elementary school or less	−11.304	0.397	<0.0001	−9.976	0.517	0.000	−13.314	0.689	<0.0001
Middle school	−6.683	0.405	<0.0001	−6.399	0.528	0.001	−8.271	0.705	<0.0001
High school	−3.879	0.361	<0.0001	−4.015	0.445	0.003	−5.078	0.670	0.000
College or above	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Marital status
Married	2.615	0.296	<0.0001	4.332	0.595	<0.0001	1.460	0.350	<0.0001
Single (including separated, divorced)	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Income
Yes	1.871	0.278	<0.0001	2.493	0.364	<0.0001	1.178	0.442	0.008
No	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Economic activity
Yes	4.876	0.261	<0.0001	7.007	0.400	<0.0001	3.300	0.356	<0.0001
No	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Number of visits with friends
Never	−11.696	0.418	<0.0001	−12.802	0.637	<0.0001	−10.127	0.558	<0.0001
3–6 times a year	−5.672	0.420	<0.0001	−5.831	0.635	<0.0001	−5.447	0.560	<0.0001
1–2 times a month	−3.538	0.303	<0.0001	−3.485	0.446	<0.0001	−3.694	0.420	<0.0001
1–2 times a week	−2.609	0.263	<0.0001	−3.035	0.416	<0.0001	−2.319	0.337	<0.0001
Every day	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Smoking status
Never	2.259	0.334	<0.0001	1.664	0.385	<0.0001	4.339	0.840	<0.0001
Former smoker	1.592	0.377	<0.0001	1.551	0.407	0.000	−0.292	1.471	0.843
Smoker	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Alcohol use
Yes	1.904	0.267	<0.0001	1.674	0.413	<0.0001	2.084	0.361	<0.0001
Former user	−3.505	0.382	<0.0001	−3.529	0.534	<0.0001	−3.380	0.619	<0.0001
No	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Depressive symptoms
Yes	−13.504	0.404	<0.0001	−13.378	0.708	<0.0001	−13.206	0.487	<0.0001
No	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Number of chronic diseases
0	12.557	0.518	<0.0001	12.626	0.836	<0.0001	12.118	0.657	<0.0001
1	7.116	0.548	<0.0001	7.569	0.890	<0.0001	6.591	0.690	<0.0001
≥2	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Year
2006	−3.963	0.335	<0.0001	−4.284	0.499	<0.0001	−3.473	0.452	<0.0001
2008	−4.275	0.327	<0.0001	−4.540	0.490	<0.0001	−3.829	0.440	<0.0001
2010	−4.523	0.315	<0.0001	−4.733	0.471	<0.0001	−4.119	0.425	<0.0001
2012	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.

HRQoL, health-related quality of life; Ref., reference.