Table 4

Description of 25 meta-analyses reporting allegiance and 6 meta-analyses reporting estimates of the association between allegiance and outcome

Meta-analysis ID	Author	Year	Journal	Treatment of interest	Age group	Clinical population	Section in text where allegiance of included RCTs reported	Met analyticalstrategy for allegiance	Statistical method	Positive to allegiance bias hypothesis
22466509	Cuijpers et al19	2012	Clin Psychol Rev	NDST	Adults	Depression	Abstract, methods and discussion	Yes	Subgroup analysis (moderator variable)	Yes
21996291	Wampold et al5	2011	Clin Psychol Rev	Mixed ESTs	Any age	Anxiety and depression	Introduction, methods, results, discussion	Yes	Studies quality (moderator variable)	Yes
20547435	Tolin21	2010	Clin Psychol Rev	CBT	Any age	Various mental disorders	Discussion	Yes	Meta-regression (moderator variable)	No
18466666	Smits and Hofmann	2009	Psychol Med	CBT	Adults	Anxiety disorders	Methods and discussion	No	None	None
18055080	Benish et al	2008	Clin Psychol Rev	Mixed	Adults	PTSD	Discussion	No	None	None
18049290	Klein et al	2007	J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry	CBT	Adolescents	Depression	Methods, results and discussion	No	None	None
16480801	Malouff et al22*	2007	Clin Psychol Rev	PST	Any age	Mental and physical problems	Results and discussion	Yes	Meta-regression (moderator variable)	Yes
17032068	Weisz et al5	2006	Am Psychol	Mixed	Children and adolescents	Various youth problems	Discussion	Yes	ANOVA (moderator variable)	No
15583112	Leichsenring et al	2004	Arch Gen Psychiatry	STTP	Adults	Specific psychiatric disorders	Methods and discusion	No	None	No
12237193	Eccleston et al	2002	Pain	Mixed	Children and adolescents	Chronic pain	Results	No	None	No
10204712	Morley et al	1999	Pain	CBT/BT	Adults	Chronic pain	Results	No	None	None
CD005652	Stoffers et al5	2012	CDSR	Mixed	Adults	Borderline personality disorder	Introduction, methods, results, discussion, tables, COI section	Yes	Risk of bias	Yes
Continued CD007668	Gibbon et al20	2010	CDSR	Mixed	Adults	Antisocial personality disorder	Tables, COI section	No	None	None
CD001027	Price et al34	2008	CDSR	CBT	Adults	Chronic fatigue syndrome	Results	No	None	None
CD004797	Littell et al	2005	CDSR	MST	Adults	Social, emotional, and/or behavioural problems	Tables	No	None	None
CD009514	Smith et al18	2011	CDSR	Relaxation techniques	Adults (only women)	Pain management	COI section	No	None	None
CD004025	Mössler et al13	2011	CDSR	Music therapy	Any age	Schizophrenia	COI section	No	None	None
CD002902	Whalley et al17	2011	CDSR	Mixed	Adults	Coronary heart disease	COI section	No	None	None
CD002014	Henschke et al19	2010	CDSR	CBT/BT	Adults	Chronic low back pain	COI section	No	None	None
CD007944	Roberts et al37	2010	CDSR	Mixed	Any age	Acute traumatic stress symptoms	COI section	No	None	None
CD005378	Ruddy and Dent-Brown	2007	CDSR	Drama therapy	Adults	Schizophrenia	COI section	No	None	None
CD004687	Abbass et al	2006	CDSR	STPP	Adults	Common mental disorders	COI section	No	None	None
CD004717	Crawford-Walker et al	2005	CDSR	Distraction techniques	Any age	Schizophrenia	COI section	No	None	None
CD001134	Dennis and Creedy	2004	CDSR	Mixed	Adults (only women)	Postpartum depression	COI section	No	None	None
CD000524	Jones et al	2004	CDSR	CBT	Any age	Schizophrenia	COI section	No	None	None

*Whether a developer of PST conducted the study under investigation (no term allegiance).
BT, behavioural therapy; CBT, cognitive behavioural therapy; CDSR, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; COI, conflict of interest; EST, empirically supported therapy; MST, multisystemic therapy; NDST, non-directive supportive therapy; PST, problem-solving therapy; PTSD, post traumatic stress disorder; RCT, randomised controlled trial; STTP, short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy.