Predictor | β | p Value | OR* (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Demographic and maternal factors (model 1) AUC (95% CI) 0.85 (0.82 to 0.88) | |||
Wealth status class | |||
Low | † | † | † |
Middle | 1.34 | 0.00 | 3.82 (2.25 to 6.49) |
High | 2.10 | 0.00 | 2.14 (1.09 to 4.20) |
Complication during previous delivery (yes) | 2.16 | 0.00 | 13.53 (2.63 to 69.47) |
Covered by health insurance (yes) | 1.10 | 0.00 | 3.00 (1.98 to 4.54) |
Birth order | |||
1 | † | † | † |
2–3 | −0.30 | 0.24 | 0.74 (0.45 to 1.22) |
4–5 | −0.88 | 0.02 | 0.42 (0.21 to 0.84) |
Maternal age in years | 0.05 | 0.04 | 1.05 (1.00 to 1.09) |
Religious group | |||
Christian | † | † | † |
Muslim | −0.12 | 0.40 | 0.77 (0.43 to 1.40) |
Traditionalist | −1.34 | 0.01 | 0.26 (0.10 to 0.67) |
No religion/other | −0.52 | 0.28 | 0.60 (0.23 to 1.54) |
Ethnicity | |||
Akan | 1.00 | 0.02 | 2.72 (1.14 to 6.46) |
Ga/Dangme | † | † | † |
Ewe | 1.53 | 0.03 | 4.62 (1.71 to 12.53) |
Guan | 0.43 | 0.60 | 1.55 (0.30 to 7.90) |
Mole-Dagbani | 0.62 | 0.21 | 1.87 (0.71 to 4.94) |
Grussi | 0.84 | 0.15 | 2.32 (0.74 to 7.30) |
Gruma | 0.77 | 0.20 | 2.15 (0.68 to 6.86) |
Other | 1.56 | 0.02 | 4.78 (1.30 to 17.56) |
Community and contextual factors (model 2) AUC (95% CI) 0.80 (0.78 to 0.82) | |||
Residence (rural) | −1.31 | 0.00 | 0.27 (0.18 to 0.41) |
Type of city | |||
Capital/large | 0.49 | 0.14 | 1.63 (0.85 to 3.10) |
Small | † | † | † |
Town | 0.03 | 0.92 | 1.03 (0.62 to 1.70) |
Country side | −0.66 | 0.01 | 0.52 (0.31 to 0.88) |
Spouse's highest educational level | |||
No education | −0.87 | 0.00 | 0.42 (0.28 to 0.63) |
Primary | † | † | † |
Secondary and higher | 0.30 | 0.12 | 1.36 (0.92 to 1.99) |
Region | |||
Western | −1.53 | 0.60 | 0.86 (0.49 to 1.52) |
Central | † | † | † |
Greater Accra | 0.24 | 0.53 | 1.27 (0.60 to 2.70) |
Volta | 0.22 | 0.43 | 1.25 (0.72 to 2.19) |
Eastern | 0.32 | 0.26 | 1.38 (0.79 to 2.42) |
Ashanti | 0.50 | 0.06 | 1.65 (0.97 to 2.78) |
Brong Ahafo | 0.47 | 0.09 | 1.61 (0.93 to 2.79) |
Northern | −0.47 | 0.09 | 0.63 (0.37 to 1.08) |
Upper East | 0.31 | 0.28 | 1.37 (0.78 to 2.41) |
Upper West | 0.60 | 0.03 | 1.83 (1.05 to 3.17) |
Demographic, maternal, community and contextual factors (model 3) AUC (95% CI) 0.85 (0.83 to 0.88) (Interactions not significant in model) | |||
Wealth status class | |||
Low | † | † | † |
Middle | 0.63 | 0.04 | 1.88 (1.02 to 3.47) |
High | 1.18 | 0.00 | 3.27 (1.60 to 6.68) |
Residence (rural) | −1.31 | 0.00 | 0.27 (0.14 to 0.52) |
Complication during previous delivery (yes) | 3.09 | 0.04 | 21.93 (2.61 to 184.04) |
Covered by health insurance (yes) | 1.03 | 0.00 | 2.74 (1.83 to 4.30) |
Religious group | |||
Christian | 0.34 | 0.51 | 1.40 (0.52 to 3.76) |
Muslim | −0.08 | 0.99 | 0.99 (0.34 to 2.87) |
Traditionalist/spiritualist | −0.78 | 0.24 | 0.46 (0.12 to 1.70) |
No religion/other | † | † | † |
*Each OR is adjusted for the other covariates in the model.
†Reference category.
ANC, antenatal clinic; AUC, area under the curve.