Baseline characteristics of the study population and univariable associations of predictor variables with outcome
| Variable | Frequency (%) (N=2041) | Per cent of unskilled delivery (N=807) | Per cent of skilled delivery (N=1234) | p Value for χ2 test |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and maternal factors | ||||
| Age (years) | 0.05 | |||
| <20 | 102 (5.0) | 44.1 | 55.9 | |
| 20–34 | 1331 (65.2) | 37.6 | 62.4 | |
| ≥35 | 608 (29.8) | 42.9 | 57.1 | |
| Highest educational level | 0.00 | |||
| No education | 720 (35.3) | 60.8 | 39.2 | |
| Primary | 476 (23.3) | 41.4 | 58.6 | |
| Secondary and higher | 845 (41.4) | 21.6 | 78.4 | |
| Marital status | 0.04 | |||
| Never married | 112 (5.5) | 28.6 | 71.4 | |
| Currently married | 1816 (89.0) | 40.4 | 59.6 | |
| Formerly married | 113 (5.5) | 37.2 | 62.8 | |
| Ethnicity | 0.00 | |||
| Akan | 806 (39.5) | 29.2 | 70.8 | |
| Ga/Dangme | 96 (4.7) | 38.5 | 61.5 | |
| Ewe | 256 (12.6) | 32.8 | 67.2 | |
| Guan | 52 (2.6) | 46.2 | 53.8 | |
| Mole-Dagbani | 524 (25.7) | 52.1 | 47.9 | |
| Grussi | 111 (5.4) | 43.2 | 56.8 | |
| Gruma | 108 (5.3) | 75.9 | 24.1 | |
| Other | 86 (4.2) | 25.6 | 74.4 | |
| Religion | 0.00 | |||
| Christian | 1389 (68.0) | 33.1 | 66.9 | |
| Muslim | 410 (20.1) | 42.8 | 57.2 | |
| Traditionalist/spiritualist | 149 (7.3) | 80.4 | 19.6 | |
| No religion and other | 89 (4.4) | 54.8 | 45.2 | |
| Employment (currently working) | 0.00 | |||
| No | 269 (13.2) | 33.3 | 66.7 | |
| Yes | 1772 (86.8) | 40.5 | 59.5 | |
| Wealth status class | 0.00 | |||
| Low | 1024 (50.2) | 60.7 | 39.3 | |
| Middle | 361 (17.7) | 30.7 | 69.3 | |
| High | 656 (32.1) | 11.3 | 88.7 | |
| Ever use of contraception | 0.00 | |||
| No | 817 (40.0) | 51.9 | 48.1 | |
| Yes | 1224 (60.0) | 30.1 | 69.9 | |
| Previous birth interval (years) | 0.00 | |||
| <2 | 990 (62.4) | 42.4 | 57.6 | |
| 2–5 | 236 (14.9) | 48.3 | 51.7 | |
| 5+ | 360 (22.7) | 27.2 | 72.8 | |
| Complication during previous delivery | 0.00 | |||
| No | 1920 (94.1) | 51.3 | 48.7 | |
| Yes | 121 (5.9) | 4.9 | 95.1 | |
| Birth order | 0.00 | |||
| 1 | 450 (22.0) | 28.0 | 72.0 | |
| 2–3 | 753 (36.9) | 35.7 | 64.3 | |
| 4–5 | 482 (23.6) | 42.9 | 57.1 | |
| 6+ | 356 (17.4) | 57.6 | 42.4 | |
| Gestational age at first ANC | 0.00 | |||
| 1st trimester | 1179 (57.8) | 34.2 | 65.8 | |
| 2nd trimester | 807 (39.5) | 45.4 | 54.6 | |
| 3rd trimester | 55 (2.7) | 64.2 | 35.8 | |
| Number of times ANC attended | 0.00 | |||
| 1 | 60 (2.9) | 75.0 | 25.0 | |
| 2–3 | 293 (14.3) | 65.9 | 34.1 | |
| 4+ | 1633 (80.0) | 33.1 | 66.9 | |
| Don't know | 55 (2.7) | 52.7 | 47.3 | |
| Covered by health insurance | 0.00 | |||
| No | 1167 (57.2) | 49.4 | 50.6 | |
| Yes | 874 (42.8) | 26.1 | 73.9 | |
| Community and contextual factors | ||||
| Region | 0.00 | |||
| Western | 179 (8.8) | 43.0 | 57.0 | |
| Central | 145 (7.1) | 37.2 | 62.8 | |
| Greater Accra | 201 (9.8) | 11.9 | 88.1 | |
| Volta | 166 (8.1) | 39.8 | 60.2 | |
| Eastern | 178 (8.7) | 33.7 | 66.3 | |
| Ashanti | 310 (15.2) | 23.9 | 76.1 | |
| Brong Ahafo | 199 (9.7) | 33.7 | 66.3 | |
| Northern | 287 (14.0) | 67.6 | 32.4 | |
| Upper East | 172 (8.5) | 52.3 | 47.7 | |
| Upper West | 204 (10.0) | 49.5 | 50.5 | |
| Residence | 0.00 | |||
| Urban | 748 (36.6) | 13.1 | 86.9 | |
| Rural | 1293 (63.4) | 54.8 | 45.2 | |
| Type of city | 0.00 | |||
| Capital/large | 315 (15.4) | 10.2 | 89.8 | |
| Small | 263 (12.9) | 16.0 | 84.0 | |
| Town | 468 (23.0) | 29.5 | 70.5 | |
| Country side | 995 (48.8) | 59.8 | 40.2 | |
| Spouse's highest educational attainment | 0.00 | |||
| No education | 569 (27.9) | 66.8 | 33.2 | |
| Primary | 179 (8.8) | 43.6 | 56.4 | |
| Secondary and higher | 1293 (63.3) | 26.0 | 74.0 | |
| Who has final say on woman's health | 0.02 | |||
| Respondent alone | 446 (21.9) | 36.2 | 63.8 | |
| Respondent and partner | 915 (44.8) | 38.7 | 61.3 | |
| Husband/partner/someone alone | 680 (33.3) | 45.1 | 54.9 | |
| Period of delivery | 0.11 | |||
| Before free delivery policy | 535 (26.2) | 36.6 | 63.4 | |
| During free delivery policy | 1506 (73.8) | 40.6 | 59.4 | |
ANC, antenatal clinic.