Risk factors of Raynaud's phenomenon
| Risk factor | Number of studies (Number of participants) | Pooled OR | 95% CI | I2% (95% CI)* | p (heterogeneity) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 18 (23 197) | 1.65 | 1.42 to 1.91 | 17.2 (0 to 53) | 0.25 |
| Family history of RP | 2 (421) | 16.6 | 7.44 to 36.8 | – | 0.34 |
| Marital status† | 4 (2 650) | 0.60 | 0.43 to 0.83 | 16.9 (0 to 73) | 0.31 |
| Education‡ | 2 (891) | 1.52 | 0.89 to 2.59 | – | 0.24 |
| Manual occupation | 1 (3 873) | 2.66 | 1.73 to 4.08 | – | – |
| Smoking | 9 (8 501) | 1.27 | 1.06 to 1.53 | 6.2 (0.8 to 57.1) | 0.38 |
| Alcohol | 2 (4 967) | 0.33 | 0.02 to 5.37 | – | <0.0001 |
| Migraine§ | 6 (2 595) | 4.02 | 2.62 to 6.17 | 35.9 (0 to 73.6) | 0.17 |
| Diabetes | 1 (1 525) | 0.51 | 0.2 to 1.27 | – | – |
| Hypertension | 2 (1 711) | 1.00 | 0.67 to 1.48 | – | 0.46 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | 1 (1 525) | 0.86 | 0.53 to 1.40 | – | – |
| Coronary heart disease | 1 (81) | 0.58 | 0.1 to 3.31 | – | – |
| Cardiovascular disease¶ | 1 (3 442) | 1.69 | 1.22 to 2.34 | – | – |
| Helicobacter pylori** | 2 (265) | 0.91 | 0.51 to 1.63 | – | 0.07 |
| CP | 2 (268) | 0.69 | 0.34 to 1.38 | – | 0.88 |
| Oestrogen replacement therapy†† | 2 (1 242) | 2.34 | 1.42 to 3.84 | – | 0.81 |
Bold typeface indicates statistically significant results. *The I2 values are stated where more than three studies were assessed.
†Marital status references used are single/separated/widowed/divorced apart from Fraenkel et al38 and Keil et al,7 where references used are widowed/separated/divorced.
‡References for education used are primary school37 and <12 years education.6
§O'Keeffe11 did not report whether their calculation for OR was adjusted/unadjusted. All other reported calculations for OR are unadjusted.
¶Cardiovascular disease includes history of angina, myocardial infarction, coronary insufficiency, intermittent claudication, congestive cardiac failure, stroke and transient ischaemic attack.
**Positive investigation for H. pylori uses urea breath test41 and serology.39
††Adjusted for age, BMI, alcohol, cigarettes and B adrenoreceptor antagonists in the study by Fraenkel et al.38
BMI, body mass index; CP, contraceptive pill; RP, Raynaud's phenomenon.