Characteristics of children 0–23 months included in the sample
| NFHS* | HUNGaMA† | CNSM‡ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 10 364 | 34 639 | 1282 |
| Child characteristics | |||
| Age, months (mean±SE) | 11.5±0.05 | 11.7±0.04 | 11.0±0.24 |
| Male (%) | 52 | 52 | 56 |
| Birth order (%) | |||
| 1–3 | 71 | 76 | 93 |
| ≥4 | 29 | 24 | 7 |
| Stunted height-for-age z-score, <−2 (%)§ | 41 | 50 | 25 |
| Wasted weight-for-height z-score, <−2 (%)§ | 27 | 16 | 17 |
| Had diarrhoea at least once in the past week(s) (%) | 15 | 41 | 30 |
| Breast feeding started within 1 h of birth (%) | 22 | 42 | 67 |
| Maternal characteristics | |||
| Age, year (mean±SE) | 25.0±0.08 | 26.8±0.04 | 23.6±0.12 |
| Education (%) | |||
| No schooling | 55 | 63 | 14 |
| Primary school | 15 | 11 | 13 |
| Secondary school | 27 | 14 | 57 |
| >Secondary school | 3 | 12 | 15 |
| Short stature, <150 cm (%) | 41 | – | 37 |
| BMI<18.5 kg/m2 (%) | 44 | – | 40 |
| Household characteristics | |||
| Family size (%) | |||
| 2–3 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| 4–6 | 46 | 43 | 52 |
| ≥7 | 47 | 50 | 41 |
| Place of defecation | |||
| Improved sanitation facility¶ | 20 | – | 27 |
| No toilet facility/bush/field | 77 | 83 | 65 |
| Source of drinking water | |||
| Pipe water | 9 | 24 | 30 |
| Other improved source** | 74 | – | 57 |
*Missing values existed in the NFHS sample, including the following: child diarrhoea (n=5), breast feeding within 1 h of birth (n=82), maternal height (n=27), maternal BMI (n=32).
†Missing values existing in the HUNGaMA sample, including the following: wasting (n=2209), breast feeding within 1 h of birth (n=389), maternal age (n=186), maternal education (n=438), household size (n=257), source of drinking water (n=3395).
‡Missing values existing in the CNSM sample, including the following: maternal age (n=10), maternal education (n=10), maternal height (n=12), maternal BMI (n=14).
§Estimated by using the 2006 WHO growth reference.
¶Improved sanitation facilities included a flush toilet, piped sewer system, septic tank, flush to pit latrine, ventilated improved pit latrine, pit latrine with slab and composting toilet.
**Improved water sources other than piped water included a public tap or standpipe, tube well or borehole, protected dug well, protected spring and rainwater.
BMI, body mass index; CNSM, Comprehensive Nutrition Survey in Maharashtra; HUNGaMA, Hunger and Malnutrition Survey; NFHS, National Family Health Survey.