Inclusion criteria | Sample and assessment parameters | References |
---|---|---|
General criteria for 3 groups of patients, each of 12 individuals
| PlasmaCigarette smoke Correlates of exposure
| Nicotine54 Serum cytokines29 55–59 Serum metabolites60–62 Blood ex vivo stimulation16 17 |
Smokers
| Nasosorption (SAM)
| |
Group 1: Smokers with GOLD Stage 2 COPD
| Nasal curette
| |
Group 2: Healthy smokers
▸ Post-bronchodilator FEV1 ≥80%; Forced expiratory ratio ≥70%
| EBC | EBC33 63 |
Group 3: Healthy non-smokers
| Sputum | Sputum32 64 65 |
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EBC, exhaled breath condensate; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; HRCT, high-resolution CT; SAM, synthetic absorptive matrix; TLR, toll-like receptor.