Sample characteristics of study respondents
| Sociodemographic features | Overall sample, n=436 | Urban sites, n=215 | Rural sites, n=221 | p Values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (%) | ||||
| Women | 50.7 | 50.2 | 51.1 | |
| Age (years) | ||||
| Median (IQR)† | 45 (29–55) | 45 (28–57) | 45 (29–52) | |
| Household size (number of persons) | ||||
| Median (IQR)† | 5 (4–7) | 5 (3–6) | 5 (4–7) | ** |
| Occupation (%)***‡ | ||||
| Agriculture | 22.5 | 0.0 | 44.3 | *** |
| Unskilled labour | 7.3 | 8.4 | 6.3 | |
| Skilled labour | 4.6 | 6.5 | 2.7 | |
| Self-employment | 9.9 | 11.6 | 8.1 | |
| Business | 2.1 | 2.8 | 1.4 | |
| Service (public) | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.7 | |
| Service (private) | 9.6 | 12.1 | 7.2 | |
| Student | 5.0 | 6.0 | 4.1 | |
| Housewife | 24.1 | 30.2 | 18.1 | ** |
| Retired | 8.7 | 14.4 | 3.2 | *** |
| Unemployed | 3.4 | 5.1 | 1.8 | |
| Highest education level attained (%)***‡ | ||||
| No education | 21.6 | 11.6 | 31.2 | *** |
| Less than primary | 7.3 | 7.9 | 6.8 | |
| Primary school | 38.3 | 33.5 | 43.0 | * |
| Secondary school | 12.8 | 14.9 | 10.9 | |
| Higher secondary school | 10.3 | 14.0 | 6.8 | * |
| Diploma/professional course | 1.6 | 2.3 | 0.9 | |
| Graduation | 4.8 | 9.8 | 0.0 | *** |
| Postgraduation | 3.2 | 6.0 | 0.5 | *** |
| Years of school attended (years) | ||||
| Median (IQR)† | 7 (2–11) | 10 (5–13) | 5 (0–10) | *** |
| Marital status***‡ | ||||
| Single | 15.1 | 18.6 | 11.8 | |
| Married | 77.3 | 73.0 | 81.4 | * |
| Widowed | 7.6 | 8.4 | 6.8 | |
| Religion***‡ | ||||
| Hindu | 84.4 | 74.9 | 93.7 | *** |
| Muslim | 3.4 | 6.5 | 0.5 | *** |
| Christian | 1.1 | 2.3 | 0.0 | * |
| Neobuddhist | 10.8 | 15.8 | 5.9 | *** |
| Social category***‡ | ||||
| Scheduled caste or tribe | 25.0 | 38.1 | 12.2 | *** |
| Other backward class | 8.3 | 10.2 | 6.3 | |
| Open/general category | 59.6 | 41.4 | 77.4 | *** |
| Vimukta jati nomadic tribes | 3.4 | 2.8 | 4.1 | |
| Undisclosed | 3.4 | 7.0 | 0.0 | *** |
| Monthly household income (Indian Rupees) | ||||
| Median (IQR)† | 10 000 (5000–17 500) | 11 000 (6000–22 500) | 7250 (3375–13 250) | *** |
| Unable to provide a response (%)‡ | 21.6 | 13.5 | 29.4 | *** |
| Household income reliability (%)‡ | ||||
| Reliable and dependable | 49.1 | 60.9 | 37.6 | *** |
| Not reliable and dependable | 44.5 | 35.3 | 53.4 | *** |
| No response | 6.4 | 3.7 | 9.0 | * |
*p≤0.05, **p≤0.01, ***p≤0.001.
†Wilcoxon test.
‡Pearson χ2 or Fisher’s exact test.