Food habits assessed at baseline and at the end of study in the intervention and control groups
| Intervention group | Control group | Intervention vs control p Value‡ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline, % (n) | End of study, % (n) | p Value* | Baseline, % (n) | End of study, % (n) | p Value† | ||
| Krece Plus Questionnaire | |||||||
| Breakfast | |||||||
| Boys | 98.4 (125) | 98.3 (119) | 1 | 97.5 (154) | 92.2 (153) | 0.092 | 0.635 |
| Girls | 98.4 (123) | 99.2 (120) | 1 | 98.7 (148) | 93.8 (135) | 0.016 | 0.453 |
| Total | 98.4 (248) | 98.8 (239) | 1 | 98.1 (302) | 92.9 (288) | 0.003 | 1 |
| Dairy product at breakfast | |||||||
| Boys | 94.5 (121) | 93.5 (116) | 1 | 93.6 (147) | 92.3 (155) | 1 | 1 |
| Girls | 94.3 (116) | 93.4 (113) | 0.508 | 94.0 (141) | 89.7 (131) | 0.039 | 0.325 |
| Total | 94.4 (237) | 93.5 (229) | 0.481 | 93.8 (288) | 91.1 (286) | 0.167 | 0.574 |
| Cereals at breakfast | |||||||
| Boys | 65.6 (82) | 66.4 (81) | 0.864 | 59.1 (88) | 54.6 (89) | 0.743 | 0.706 |
| Girls | 61.5 (75) | 49.6 (58) | 0.036 | 59.7 (86) | 60.0 (87) | 0.880 | 0.031 |
| Total | 63.6 (157) | 58.2 (139) | 0.098 | 59.4 (174) | 57.1 (176) | 1 | 0.225 |
| Pastry at breakfast | |||||||
| Boys | 15.8 (19) | 23.5 (28) | 0.027 | 22.5 (33) | 12.3 (20) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Girls | 20.5 (24) | 15.5 (18) | 0.383 | 15.9 (22) | 12.4 (18) | 0.210 | 0.260 |
| Total | 18.1 (43) | 19.6 (46) | 0.441 | 19.1 (55) | 12.3 (38) | <0.001 | 0.002 |
| Daily fruit or natural juice | |||||||
| Boys | 73.4 (94) | 76.2 (93) | 0.523 | 74.8 (116) | 76.0 (127) | 1 | 0.535 |
| Girls | 66.7 (82) | 70.0 (84) | 0.690 | 79.9 (119) | 73.5 (108) | 0.243 | 0.549 |
| Total | 70.1 (176) | 13.1 (177) | 0.382 | 77.3 (235) | 74.8 (235) | 0.443 | 0.472 |
| Fruit, 2nd per day | |||||||
| Boys | 39.7 (50) | 41.2 (49) | 0.581 | 44.5 (69) | 34.1 (56) | 0.006 | 0.141 |
| Girls | 26.4 (32) | 47.5 (56) | 0.000 | 44.8 (64) | 39.0 (57) | 0.281 | <0.001 |
| Total | 33.2 (82) | 44.3 (105) | 0.001 | 44.6 (133) | 36.5 (113) | 0.004 | <0.001 |
| Dairy product, 2nd per day | |||||||
| Boys | 87.2 (109) | 78.5 (95) | 0.029 | 80.0 (124) | 69.5 (116) | 0.174 | 0.194 |
| Girls | 80.5 (99) | 79.8 (95) | 1 | 71.6 (106) | 75.5 (111) | 0.749 | 0.460 |
| Total | 83.9 (208) | 79.2 (190) | 0.161 | 75.9 (230) | 72.3 (227) | 0.51 | 0.384 |
| Vegetables, daily | |||||||
| Boys | 65.6 (84) | 74.4 (90) | 0.043 | 71.1 (113) | 70.8 (119) | 1 | 0.473 |
| Girls | 71.7 (86) | 77.5 (93) | 0.169 | 68.7 (101) | 63.3 (93) | 0.152 | 0.017 |
| Total | 68.5 (170) | 75.9 (183) | 0.011 | 69.9 (214) | 67.3 (212) | 0.374 | 0.028 |
| Vegetables, >1 per day | |||||||
| Boys | 19.3 (23) | 29.1 (34) | 0.017 | 28.7 (43) | 20.7 (34) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
| Girls | 25.4 (31) | 34.5 (40) | 0.052 | 30.3 (43) | 23.1 (33) | 0.110 | 0.149 |
| Total | 22.4 (54) | 31.8 (74) | 0.001 | 29.5 (86) | 21.8 (67) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Fish, regularly | |||||||
| Boys | 73.2 (93) | 76.6 (95) | 0.608 | 70.0 (112) | 70.1 (115) | 0.851 | 0.058 |
| Girls | 71.8 (92) | 71.4 (85) | 0.307 | 74.5 (111) | 71.0 (103) | 1 | 0.662 |
| Total | 74 (185) | 74.1 (180) | 0.896 | 72.2 (223) | 70.6 (218) | 0.791 | 0.312 |
| Fast food, >1 per week | |||||||
| Boys | 6.3 (8) | 7.4 (9) | 1 | 7.1 (11) | 4.9 (8) | 0.227 | 0.106 |
| Girls | 3.3 (4) | 10.1 (12) | 0.109 | 4.2 (6) | 2.8 (4) | 0.219 | 0.013 |
| Total | 4.8 (12) | 8.8 (21) | 0.21 | 5.7 (17) | 3.9 (12) | 0.049 | 0.003 |
| Legumes, >1 per week | |||||||
| Boys | 70.3 (90) | 71.1 (86) | 0.648 | 67.5 (106) | 65.9 (110) | 1 | 0.555 |
| Girls | 72.8 (91) | 73.3 (88) | 0.815 | 62.8 (145) | 76.2 (112) | 0.001 | 0.013 |
| Total | 71.5 (181) | 72.2 (174) | 1 | 65.2 (251) | 70.7 (222) | 0.025 | 0.027 |
| Candy, >1 per day | |||||||
| Boys | 14.3 (18) | 12.6 (15) | 1 | 17.2 (27) | 18.2 (30) | 1 | 0.367 |
| Girls | 12.9 (16) | 12.0 (14) | 1 | 18.7 (26) | 11.1 (16) | 0.078 | 1 |
| Total | 13.6 (34) | 12.3 (29) | 1 | 17.9 (53) | 14.9 (46) | 0.262 | 0.479 |
| Pasta or rice daily | |||||||
| Boys | 63.8 (81) | 67.5 (83) | 0.839 | 69.0 (109) | 67.9 (114) | 0.871 | 0.708 |
| Girls | 59.2 (74) | 64.7 (77) | 0.377 | 68.0 (100) | 69.4 (102) | 0.618 | 0.724 |
| Total | 61.5 (155) | 66.1 (160) | 0.35 | 68.5 (209) | 68.6 (216) | 0.561 | 1 |
| Cooking with olive oil at home | |||||||
| Boys | 97.7 (126) | 98.4 (122) | 1 | 98.1 (157) | 98.8 (167) | 1 | 0.636 |
| Girls | 98.4 (125) | 99.2 (120) | 0.623 | 97.3 (145) | 98.0 (145) | 1 | 0.628 |
| Total | 98 (251) | 98.8 (242) | 0.5 | 97.7 (302) | 98.4 (312) | 0.754 | 0.476 |
| AVall questionnaire | |||||||
| Before leaving home | |||||||
| Dairy products | |||||||
| Boys | 90 (117) | 87.3 (110) | 0.065 | 83.6 (133) | 95.3 (139) | 1 | 0.074 |
| Girls | 87.3 (110) | 87.8 (108) | 0.503 | 83 (122) | 76.4 (110) | 0.004 | 0.235 |
| Total | 90.9 (227) | 87.6 (218) | 0.071 | 86.2 (255) | 81.1 (249) | 0.044 | 0.836 |
| Pastry | |||||||
| Boys | 4 (5) | 2.4 (3) | 1 | 0.7 (1) | 1.4 (2) | 1 | 0.610 |
| Girls | 0.8 (1) | 1. 7 (2) | 1 | 0.7 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 | 1 |
| Total | 2.5 (6) | 2 (5) | 1 | 0.7 (2) | 0.7 (2) | 1 | 0.606 |
| Cereals | |||||||
| Boys | 33.9 (43) | 36.8 (46) | 0.711 | 30.7 (46) | 35.0 (55) | 0.608 | 1 |
| Girls | 32.2 (38) | 26.2 (32) | 0.405 | 25.2 (37) | 26.2 (37) | 0.458 | 0.297 |
| Total | 33.1 (81) | 31.6 (78) | 0.89 | 27.9 (83) | 30.9 (92) | 0.314 | 0.409 |
| Fresh fruit or natural juice | |||||||
| Boys | 18.4 (23) | 24.6 (31) | 0.189 | 17.0 (26) | 21.2 (32) | 1 | 0.537 |
| Girls | 14.2 (17) | 24.6 (30) | 0.064 | 18.5 (27) | 23.6 (33) | 0.541 | 0.332 |
| Total | 16.3 (40) | 24.6 (61) | 0.016 | 17.7 (53) | 22.3 (65) | 0.560 | 0.256 |
| Sandwich | |||||||
| Boys | 6.6 (8) | 17.7 (22) | 0.115 | 17.3 (26) | 21.1 (32) | 0.458 | 1 |
| Girls | 0.3 (12) | 19.7 (24) | 0.049 | 14.9 (21) | 18.4 (26) | 0.572 | 1 |
| Total | 8.4 (20) | 18.7 (46) | 0.008 | 16.2 (47) | 19.8 (58) | 0.289 | 0.889 |
| Juice package/soft drinks | |||||||
| Boys | 6.7 (8) | 7.4 (9) | 0.754 | 8.7 (13) | 7.1 (11) | 1 | 0.756 |
| Girls | 7.7 (9) | 5.0 (6) | 0.508 | 8.6 (12) | 10.8 (15) | 1 | 0.507 |
| Total | 7.2 (17) | 6.2 (15) | 0.359 | 8.6 (25) | 8.9 (26) | 0.845 | 0.483 |
| Break (midmorning) | |||||||
| Dairy products | |||||||
| Boys | 16.0 (20) | 20.0 (24) | 0.824 | 15.3 (22) | 14.4 (21) | 1 | 0.819 |
| Girls | 8.7 (10) | 9.6 (11) | 0.388 | 10.7 (15) | 8.4 (11) | 1 | 0.595 |
| Total | 12.5 (30) | 15 (35) | 0.367 | 13.0 (37) | 11.6 (32) | 1 | 0.488 |
| Pastry | |||||||
| Boys | 4.1 (5) | 0.8 (1) | 0.625 | 4.1 (6) | 2.1 (3) | 1 | 1 |
| Girls | 0.9 (1) | 0.9 (1) | 1 | 1.5 (2) | 2.3 (3) | 1 | 0.480 |
| Total | 2.5 (6) | 0.9 (2) | 0.687 | 2.8 (8) | 2.2 (6) | 0.687 | 1 |
| Cereals | |||||||
| Boys | 3.3 (4) | 5.9 (7) | 0.727 | 5.7 (8) | 4.9 (7) | 1 | 1 |
| Girls | 3.5 (4) | 3.4 (4) | 1 | 4.3 (6) | 6.9 (9) | 0.180 | 0.544 |
| Total | 3.4 (8) | 4.7 (11) | 0.804 | 5 (14) | 5.9 (16) | 0.238 | 0.659 |
| Fresh fruit or natural juice | |||||||
| Boys | 16.3 (20) | 10.1 (12) | 0.804 | 19.5 (30) | 14.5 (22) | 0.189 | 0.787 |
| Girls | 15.5 (18) | 16.8 (20) | 0.424 | 20.1 (29) | 20.3 (28) | 0.815 | 1 |
| Total | 15.9 (38) | 13.4 (32) | 0.856 | 19.8 (59) | 17.2 (50) | 0.522 | 0.721 |
| Sandwich | |||||||
| Boys | 28.3 (36) | 37.7 (46) | 0.087 | 43.2 (67) | 41.6 (67) | 0.701 | 0.080 |
| Girls | 24.8 (30) | 33.6 (41) | 0.064 | 29.7 (44) | 41.1 (58) | 0.016 | 0.860 |
| Total | 26.6 (66) | 35.7 (87) | 0.008 | 36.6 (111) | 41.4 (125) | 0.185 | 0.299 |
| Juice package/soft drinks | |||||||
| Boys | 7.4 (9) | 9.1 (11) | 0.344 | 12.2 (18) | 12.6 (19) | 1 | 1 |
| Girls | 7.8 (9) | 6.1 (7) | 0.727 | 12.1 (17) | 13.2 (18) | 1 | 0.233 |
| Total | 7.6 (18) | 7.7 (18) | 0.815 | 12.2 (35) | 12.9 (37) | 1 | 0.543 |
Bold typeface indicates p<0.05. *p Value: McNemar’s test (changes in the intervention group).
†p Value: McNemar’s test (changes in the control group).
‡p Value: Fisher’s exact test.