Adjusted results for the effect of indirect MICU/HDU admissions on selected outcomes (all patients)
| Factor | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|
| (1) Outcome: in-hospital mortality | |
| Admission to the ICU | |
| Indirect | 3.07 (1.39 to 6.80) |
| Direct (Ref) | – |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 0.95 (0.80 to 1.14) |
| Age | 1.02 (1.01 to 1.04) |
| Hospitalisation within the past 7 days | |
| Yes | 1.15 (0.30 to 4.39) |
| No (Ref) | – |
| Cardiopulmonary resuscitation | |
| Yes | 37.38 (6.89 to 202.70) |
| No (Ref) | – |
| Intubation at the ED | |
| Yes | 0.90 (0.33 to 2.51) |
| No (Ref) | – |
| Gender | |
| Female | 0.85 (0.45 to 1.61) |
| Male (Ref) | – |
| Heart rate at the ED | |
| 70–109 | 0.78 (0.31 to 1.96) |
| 110–129 or 50–69 | 0.64 (0.26 to 1.60) |
| 140+ or <55 (Ref) | – |
| Respiratory rate at the ED | |
| 12–24 | 0.80 (0.22 to 2.95) |
| <12 or >24 (Ref) | – |
| Oxygen saturation at the ED | |
| <98 | 1.71 (0.92 to 3.17) |
| 98–100 (Ref) | – |
| Mean arterial pressure at the ED | |
| 70–109 | 1.31 (0.51 to 3.37) |
| 110–129 or 50–69 | 1.00 (0.37 to 2.75) |
| 130+ or <50 (Ref) | – |
| Apache on arrival at the ICU | |
| 0–9 | 2.08 (0.60 to 7.29) |
| 10–14 | 0.54 (0.17 to 1.71) |
| 15–19 | 0.88 (0.32 to 2.39) |
| 20–24 | 0.83 (0.30 to 2.31) |
| 25–29 | 0.78 (0.24 to 2.56) |
| 30+ (Ref) | – |
| Where patient was admitted | |
| ICU | 0.98 (0.42 to 2.26) |
| HDU (Ref) | – |
| (2) Outcome: death within 60 days of admission | |
| Admission to the ICU | |
| Indirect | 3.09 (1.40 to 6.83) |
| Direct (Ref) | – |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 1.00 (0.84 to 1.19) |
| Age | 1.03 (1.01 to 1.05) |
| Hospitalisation within the past 7 days | |
| Yes | 1.12 (0.29 to 4.30) |
| No (Ref) | – |
| Cardiopulmonary resuscitation | |
| Yes | 51.39 (9.25 to 285.62) |
| No (Ref) | – |
| Intubation at the ED | |
| Yes | 0.62 (0.22 to 1.77) |
| No (Ref) | – |
| Gender | |
| Female | 0.93 (0.49 to 1.78) |
| Male (Ref) | – |
| Heart rate at the ED | |
| 70–109 | 0.71 (0.28 to 1.81) |
| 110–129 or 50–69 | 0.58 (0.23 to 1.47) |
| 140+ or <55 (Ref) | – |
| Respiratory rate at the ED | |
| 12–24 | 0.65 (0.17 to 2.47) |
| <12 or >24 (Ref) | – |
| Oxygen saturation at the ED | |
| <98 | 1.40 (0.75 to 2.61) |
| 98–100 (Ref) | – |
| Mean arterial pressure at the ED | |
| 70–109 | 0.86 (0.34 to 2.18) |
| 110–129 or 50–69 | 0.66 (0.24 to 1.78) |
| 130+ or <50 (Ref) | – |
| Apache on arrival at the ICU | |
| 0–9 | 2.25 (0.63 to 8.02) |
| 10–14 | 0.53 (0.16 to 1.77) |
| 15–19 | 1.21 (0.44 to 3.33) |
| 20–24 | 1.07 (0.38 to 3.05) |
| 25–29 | 0.81 (0.24 to 2.78) |
| 30+ (Ref) | – |
| Where patient was admitted | |
| ICU | 1.10 (0.47 to 2.54) |
| HDU (Ref) | – |
| (3) Outcome: total in-hospital length of stay (8+ days vs 0–7 days) | |
| Admission to the ICU | |
| Indirect | 0.80 (0.34 to 1.88) |
| Direct (Ref) | – |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 1.02 (0.85 to 1.24) |
| Age | 1.03 (1.01 to 1.05) |
| Hospitalisation within the past 7 days | |
| Yes | 0.85 (0.18 to 3.92) |
| No (Ref) | – |
| Intubation at the ED | |
| Yes | 1.08 (0.40 to 2.89) |
| No (Ref) | – |
| Gender | |
| Female | 1.53 (0.79 to 2.94) |
| Male (Ref) | – |
| Heart rate at the ED | |
| 70–109 | 1.05 (0.37 to 3.03) |
| 110–129 or 50–69 | 0.42 (0.16 to 1.15) |
| 140+ or <55 (Ref) | – |
| Respiratory rate at the ED | |
| 12–24 | 1.19 (0.31 to 4.46) |
| <12 or >24 (Ref) | – |
| Oxygen saturation at the ED | |
| <98 | 1.05 (0.55 to 1.98) |
| 98–100 (Ref) | – |
| Mean arterial pressure at the ED | |
| 70–109 | 1.66 (0.66 to 4.17) |
| 110–129 or 50–69 | 1.75 (0.68 to 4.51) |
| 130+ or <50 (Ref) | – |
| Apache on arrival at the ICU | |
| 0–9 | 1.72 (0.36 to 8.14) |
| 10–14 | 1.34 (0.45 to 3.96) |
| 15–19 | 0.72 (0.25 to 2.07) |
| 20–24 | 2.00 (0.70 to 5.74) |
| 25–29 | 1.26 (0.36 to 4.42) |
| 30+ (Ref) | – |
| Where patient was admitted | |
| ICU | 1.65 (0.68 to 4.01) |
| HDU (Ref) | – |
| (4) Outcome: ICU/MICU length of stay (2+ vs 0–1 day) | |
| Admission to the ICU | |
| Indirect | 2.54 (1.48 to 4.36) |
| Direct (Ref) | – |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 0.85 (0.76 to 0.96) |
| Age | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.03) |
| Hospitalisation within the past 7 days | |
| Yes | 1.87 (0.69 to 5.07) |
| No (Ref) | – |
| Cardiopulmonary resuscitation | |
| Yes | 1.95 (0.36 to 10.52) |
| No (Ref) | – |
| Intubation at the ED | 1.93 (1.02 to 3.68) |
| Intubated | – |
| Not intubated (Ref) | |
| Gender | 1.36 (0.89 to 2.07) |
| Female | – |
| Male (Ref) | |
| Heart rate at the ED | 1.83 (0.92 to 3.67) |
| 70–109 | 1.62 (0.82 to 3.21) |
| 110–129 or 50–69 | – |
| 140+ or <55 (Ref) | |
| Respiratory rate at the ED | 0.90 (0.35 to 2.35) |
| 12–24 | – |
| <12 or >24 (Ref) | |
| Oxygen saturation at the ED | 1.94 (1.28 to 2.93) |
| <98 | – |
| 98–100 (Ref) | |
| Mean arterial pressure at the ED | 1.07 (0.58 to 1.97) |
| 70–109 | 1.01 (0.53 to 1.92) |
| 110–129 or 50–69 | – |
| 130+ or <50 (Ref) | |
| Where patient was admitted | |
| ICU | 1.39 (0.80 to 2.43) |
| HDU (Ref) | – |
ED, emergency department; HDU, high dependency unit; ICU, intensive care unit; MICU, medical ICU.