Delivery characteristics and reproductive risk factors among women with singleton pregnancies with and without major depression during pregnancy, and with and without a history of depression prior to pregnancy from 2002 to 2010 in Finland
| Characteristic | No major depression during pregnancy, n=493 037 (96.3%) | No major depression during pregnancy, n=14 781 (2.9%) | Major depression during pregnancy, n=2189 (0.4%) | Major depression during pregnancy, n=1931 (0.4%) | p Value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A history of depression prior to pregnancy | No | Yes | No | Yes | |
| Nulliparous, % | 42.0 | 45.1 | 45.5 | 50.0 | ≤0.001 |
| Multiparous | 58.0 | 54.9 | 54.5 | 50.0 | |
| Mean maternal age, years (SD) | 29.6 (5.4) | 27.6 (6.0) | 28.4 (6.2) | 28.7 (6.6) | ≤0.001 |
| Mean gestational age, week (SD) | 39.8 (1.8) | 39.7 (1.9) | 39.4 (2.0) | 39.5 (2.0) | ≤0.001 |
| Mode of delivery, % | ≤0.001 | ||||
| Vaginal spontaneous | 75.8 | 74.8 | 72.6 | 70.4 | |
| Breech | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.4 | |
| Forceps | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | |
| Vacuum assistance | 7.2 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.7 | |
| Caesarean section | 15.9 | 17.1 | 19.6 | 21.5 | |
| Mean birth weight, g (SD) | 3531.4 (550) | 3479.0 (568) | 3453.1 (580) | 3456.3 (608) | ≤0.001 |
| Male fetal sex, % | 51.2 | 50.0 | 51.1 | 51.8 | 0.04 |
| Major congenital anomalies, % | 4.0 | 5.2 | 5.6 | 5.9 | ≤0.001 |
| Smoking status, % | |||||
| Non-smoking | 83.2 | 63.4 | 66.1 | 59.5 | ≤0.001 |
| Quit smoking during first trimester | 3.7 | 6.9 | 6.5 | 8.3 | |
| Smoking after first trimester | 10.5 | 26.7 | 25.1 | 29.3 | |
| Missing information | 2.6 | 2.9 | 2.3 | 3.0 | |
| Married or living with a partner, % | 93.5 | 86.3 | 83.1 | 83.0 | ≤0.001 |
| Socioeconomic status, % | |||||
| Upper white-collar worker | 8.6 | 3.7 | 4.0 | 3.8 | ≤0.001 |
| Lower white-collar worker | 34.5 | 25.8 | 27.9 | 25.5 | |
| Blue-collar worker | 14.2 | 16.0 | 14.9 | 15.3 | |
| Others† | 25.7 | 31.0 | 31.9 | 30.0 | |
| Missing information | 17.2 | 23.6 | 21.3 | 25.3 | |
| Prior miscarriages, % | 20.7 | 23.6 | 23.3 | 23.2 | ≤0.001 |
| Prior terminations, % | 12.2 | 22.4 | 19.8 | 21.7 | ≤0.001 |
| In vitro fertilisation, % | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.3 | ≤0.001 |
| Anaemia, ≤100 g/L, % | 1.6 | 2.6 | 3.5 | 2.8 | ≤0.001 |
| Placenta praevia, % | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.54 |
| Placental abruption % | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.07 |
| Preeclampsia, % | 1.2 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.52 |
| Gestational diabetes, % | 11.2 | 13.4 | 14.5 | 17.6 | ≤0.001 |
| Pre-existing diabetes, % | 8.4 | 10.9 | 11.6 | 13.6 | ≤0.001 |
| Prior caesarean section, % | 10.6 | 10.5 | 10.3 | 10.2 | 0.90 |
| Fear of childbirth, % | 4.6 | 11.4 | 15.0 | 17.5 | ≤0.001 |
*The χ2 or Kruskal–Wallis test.
†‘Others’ comprise entrepreneurs, students, retired women, unemployed women, housewives and all unclassifiable cases.