Bacterial self-taken and HCP-taken whole mouth swab carriage rates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by participant age group, recent RTI, recent antibiotic treatment and vaccination status
| Carriage of bacterial species within mouth swabs in different participant categories % (n) (95% CI) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants (N) | S. pneumoniae | H. influenzae | M. catarrhalis | S. aureus | P. aeruginosa | |||||||
| Category | SS | HCP | Self-taken WMS | HCP-taken WMS | Self-taken WMS | HCP-taken WMS | Self-taken WMS | HCP-taken WMS | Self-taken WMS | HCP-taken WMS | Self-taken WMS | HCP-taken WMS |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||
| 0–4 | 329 | 56 | 1.2 (4) (0.0 to 2.4) | 3.6 (2) (−1.3 to 8.5) | 1.2 (4) (0.0 to 2.4) | 5.4 (3) (−0.5 to 11.3) | 11.9 (39) (8.4 to 15.4) | 35.7 (20) (23.2 to 48.3) | 2.4 (8) (0.8 to 4.1) | 0.0 (0) NA | 4.9 (16) (2.6 to 7.2) | 3.6 (2) (−1.3 to 8.5) |
| 5–17 | 137 | 22 | 1.5 (2) (−0.5 to 3.5) | 0.0 (0) NA | 0.0 (0) NA | 0.0 (0) NA | 11.7 (16) (6.3 to 17.1) | 27.3 (6) (8.7 to 45.9) | 4.4 (6) (1.0 to 7.8) | 4.5 (1) (−4.2 to 13.2) | 3.6 (5) (0.5 to 6.7) | 0.0 (0) NA |
| 18–64 | 464 | 88 | 0.0 (0) NA | 0.0 (0) NA | 0.9 (4) (0.0 to 1.8) | 1.1 (1) (−1.1 to 3.3) | 15.3 (71) (12.0 to 18.6) | 22.7 (20) (14.0 to 31.5) | 3.0 (14) (1.5 to 4.6) | 2.3 (2) (−0.8 to 5.4) | 1.7 (8) (0.5 to 2.9) | 2.3 (2) (−0.8 to 5.4) |
| 65+ | 306 | 143 | 0.0 (0) NA | 0.0 (0) NA | 0.0 (0) NA | 0.7 (1) (−0.7 to 2.1) | 13.1 (40) (9.3 to 16.9) | 30.1 (43) (22.6 to 37.6) | 1.6 (5) (0.2 to 3.0) | 1.4 (2) (−0.5 to 3.3) | 2.9 (9) (1.0 to 4.8) | 3.5 (5) (0.5 to 6.5) |
| p Value | 0.006 | 0.063 | 0.204 | 0.159 | 0.476* | 0.390* | 0.361 | 0.377 | 0.079 | 0.910 | ||
| Recent respiratory tract infection | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 363 | 59 | 0.8 (3) (−0.1 to 1.7) | 1.7 (1) (−1.6 to 5.0) | 0.8 (3) (−0.1 to 1.7) | 1.7 (1) (−1.6 to 5.0) | 10.5 (38) (7.4 to 13.7) | 25.4 (15) (14.3 to 36.5) | 2.5 (9) (0.9 to 4.1) | 0.0 (0) NA | 3.9 (14) (1.9 to 5.9) | 5.1 (3) (−0.5 to 10.7) |
| No | 856 | 247 | 0.4 (3) (0.0–0.8) | 0.4 (1) (−0.4 to 1.2) | 0.6 (5) (0.1 to 1.1) | 1.6 (4) (0.0 to 3.2) | 14.7 (126) (12.3 to 17.1) | 29.6 (73) (23.9 to 35.3) | 2.7 (23) (1.6 to 3.8) | 1.6 (4) (0.0 to 3.2) | 2.8 (24) (1.7 to 3.9) | 2.4 (6) (0.5 to 4.3) |
| p Value | 0.370 | 0.349 | 0.701 | 1.000 | 0.054* | 0.632* | 0.850* | 1.000 | 0.368* | 0.382 | ||
| Recent use of antibiotics | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 101 | 26 | 0.0 (0) NA | 0.0 (0) NA | 0.0 (0) NA | 0.0 (0) NA | 14.9 (15) (8.0 to 21.8) | 23.1 (6) (6.9 to 39.3) | 3.0 (3) (−0.3 to 6.3) | 3.8 (1) (−3.6 to 11.2) | 2.0 (2) (−0.7 to 4.7) | 3.8 (1) (−3.6 to 11.2) |
| No | 1118 | 281 | 0.5 (6) (0.1 to 0.9) | 0.7 (2) (−0.3 to 1.7) | 0.7 (8) (0.2 to 1.2) | 1.8 (5) (0.3 to 3.4) | 13.4 (150) (11.4 to 15.4) | 29.2 (82) (23.9 to 34.5) | 2.6 (29) (1.7 to 3.5) | 1.4 (4) (0.0 to 2.8) | 3.2 (36) (2.2 to 4.2) | 2.8 (8) (0.9 to 4.7) |
| p Value | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.761* | 0.652* | 0.744 | 0.360 | 0.764 | 0.554 | ||
| Vaccinations up-to-date | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1017 | 265 | 0.6 (6) (0.1 to 1.1) | 0.8 (2) (−0.3 to 1.9) | 0.6 (6) (0.1 to 1.1) | 1.9 (5) (0.3 to 3.5) | 13.7 (139) (11.6 to 15.8) | 29.4 (78) (23.9 to 34.9) | 2.8 (28) (1.8 to 3.8) | 1.5 (4) (0.0 to 3.0) | 3.2 (33) (2.1 to 4.3) | 3.0 (8) (1.0 to 5.1) |
| No | 40 | 10 | 0.0 (0) NA | 0.0 (0) NA | 2.5 (1) (−2.3 to 7.3) | 0.0 (0) NA | 5.0 (2) (−1.8 to 11.8) | 50.0 (5) (19.0 to 81.0) | 2.5 (1) (−2.3 to 7.3) | 0.0 (0) NA | 2.5 (1) (−2.3 to 7.3) | 0.0 (0) NA |
| p Value | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.237 | 1.000 | 0.153* | 0.175 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
χ2 (indicated by *) and Fisher's exact tests for independence were used to determine significant differences between bacterial carriage rates in different age groups, with/without recent RTI, with/without recent antibiotic treatment and with/without an up-to-date vaccination status. p Values are 2-tailed. 95% CI are written as (upper CI to lower CI).
NA, not applicable; WMS, whole mouth swab.