Univariate and multivariate analyses of CDI development-related risk factors
| Characteristics | CDI group | Control group | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Per cent | Per cent | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
| All | (1025) | (878) | – | – | – |
| Age (years) | |||||
| ≤74 | 36.0 (369) | 37.5 (329) | 0.67 | Ref. | – |
| 75–84 | 37.0 (379) | 37.2 (327) | 1.02 (0.81 to 1.28) | 0.88 | |
| ≥85 | 27.0 (277) | 25.3 (222) | 1.09 (0.84 to 1.41) | 0.52 | |
| Sex | |||||
| Women | 43.0 (441) | 42.6 (374) | 0.85 | 1.11 (0.91 to 1.36) | 0.28 |
| Underlying disease | |||||
| Respiratory infections | 15.8 (162) | 17.5 (154) | 0.14 | – | – |
| Other infectious conditions | 16.9 (173) | 14.2 (125) | – | – | |
| Gastrointestinal conditions | 8.1 (83) | 9.0 (79) | – | – | |
| Malignant tumours | 22.6 (232) | 24.3 (213) | – | – | |
| Cardiovascular conditions | 7.7 (79) | 9.8 (86) | – | – | |
| Other conditions | 28.9 (296) | 25.2 (221) | – | – | |
| Medical treatment prior to CDI development | |||||
| Disruption of feeding | 48.6 (498) | 30.4 (267) | <0.001 | 1.31 (1.05 to 1.64) | <0.05 |
| Parenteral nutrition | 24.7 (253) | 10.3 (90) | <0.001 | 1.63 (1.21 to 2.20) | <0.01 |
| Enteral feeding | 24.8 (254) | 9.1 (80) | <0.001 | 2.16 (1.60 to 2.92) | <0.001 |
| Surgery with general anaesthetic | 18.2 (187) | 15.6 (137) | 0.14 | 0.89 (0.67 to 1.18) | 0.41 |
| Cancer drugs | 11.3 (116) | 14.2 (125) | 0.06 | 0.86 (0.62 to 1.18) | 0.35 |
| Antibiotics use | 85.8 (879) | 66.5 (584) | <0.001 | – | – |
| Intravenous | |||||
| Penicillins | 27.6 (283) | 21.0 (184) | <0.01 | 1.04 (0.82 to 1.33) | 0.75 |
| First-generation/second-generation cephems | 22.7 (233) | 15.6 (137) | <0.001 | 1.44 (1.10 to 1.87) | <0.01 |
| Third-generation/fourth-generation cephems | 35.2 (361) | 19.9 (175) | <0.001 | 1.86 (1.48 to 2.33) | <0.001 |
| Carbapenems | 31.8 (326) | 15.0 (132) | <0.001 | 1.87 (1.44 to 2.42) | <0.001 |
| Fluoroquinolones | 7.5 (77) | 4.0 (35) | <0.01 | 1.16 (0.74 to 1.83) | 0.52 |
| Clindamycin/lincomycin | 6.5 (67) | 2.8 (25) | <0.001 | 1.35 (0.81 to 2.26) | 0.25 |
| MRSA drugs | 10.7 (110) | 4.3 (38) | <0.001 | 1.10 (0.71 to 1.72) | 0.66 |
| Antifungal drugs | 6.9 (71) | 3.2 (28) | <0.001 | 1.01 (0.60 to 1.70) | 0.96 |
| Others (aminoglycosides, monobactam, etc) | 8.5 (87) | 5.9 (52) | <0.05 | 1.19 (0.80 to 1.77) | 0.39 |
| Oral | |||||
| Cephems | 5.6 (57) | 4.4 (39) | 0.29 | 1.49 (0.95 to 2.32) | 0.08 |
| Fluoroquinolones | 14.5 (149) | 11.5 (101) | 0.06 | 1.11 (0.82 to 1.51) | 0.49 |
| Others (macrolides, penicillins, etc) | 14.0 (144) | 13.9 (122) | 0.95 | 0.84 (0.63 to 1.13) | 0.26 |
| Proton pump inhibitors | 40.3 (413) | 31.2 (274) | <0.001 | 1.17 (0.95 to 1.44) | 0.14 |
CDI, Clostridium difficile infection; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.