ORs and 95% CIs for components of metabolic syndrome according to eating rate (n=56 865)
| Men (n=41 820) | Women (n = 15 045) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eating rate | Slow | Normal* | Fast | p For trend† | Slow | Normal* | Fast | p For trend† |
| n (%) | 2821 (6.8) | 24 893 (59.5) | 14 106 (33.7) | 1398 (9.3) | 9893 (65.8) | 3754 (24.9) | ||
| Central obesity‡ | ||||||||
| Model 1§ | 0.63 (0.56 to 0.71) | 1.00 | 1.98 (1.89 to 2.08) | <0.001 | 0.73 (0.64 to 0.83) | 1.00 | 1.44 (1.34 to 1.56) | <0.001 |
| Model 2¶ | 0.63 (0.56 to 0.70) | 1.00 | 1.97 (1.88 to 2.07) | <0.001 | 0.73 (0.64 to 0.83) | 1.00 | 1.44 (1.33 to 1.56) | <0.001 |
| High blood pressure** | ||||||||
| Model 1§ | 0.75 (0.69 to 0.82) | 1.00 | 1.22 (1.17 to 1.27) | <0.001 | 0.76 (0.66 to 0.88) | 1.00 | 1.10 (1.01 to 1.21) | <0.001 |
| Model 2¶ | 0.74 (0.68 to 0.81) | 1.00 | 1.20 (1.15 to 1.26) | <0.001 | 0.76 (0.65 to 0.88) | 1.00 | 1.10 (1.00 to 1.20) | <0.001 |
| Model 3†† | 0.88 (0.81 to 0.96) | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.93 to 1.02) | 0.645 | 0.85 (0.72 to 0.99) | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.84 to 1.02) | 0.923 |
| High fasting plasma glucose‡‡ | ||||||||
| Model 1§ | 0.78 (0.71 to 0.87) | 1.00 | 1.17 (1.12 to 1.23) | <0.001 | 1.03 (0.85 to 1.25) | 1.00 | 1.17 (1.04 to 1.31) | 0.035 |
| Model 2¶ | 0.78 (0.71 to 0.87) | 1.00 | 1.16 (1.11 to 1.22) | <0.001 | 1.03 (0.85 to 1.25) | 1.00 | 1.16 (1.03 to 1.31) | 0.042 |
| Model 3†† | 0.88 (0.80 to 0.98) | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.94 to 1.05) | 0.238 | 1.14 (0.94 to 1.40) | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.90 to 1.15) | 0.536 |
| High triglyceride§§ | ||||||||
| Model 1§ | 0.88 (0.80 to 0.96) | 1.00 | 1.32 (1.26 to 1.38) | <0.001 | 0.83 (0.67 to 1.01) | 1.00 | 1.14 (1.01 to 1.28) | 0.002 |
| Model 2¶ | 0.90 (0.82 to 0.98) | 1.00 | 1.33 (1.27 to 1.39) | <0.001 | 0.81 (0.66 to 1.00) | 1.00 | 1.13 (1.01 to 1.27) | 0.002 |
| Model 3†† | 1.08 (0.98 to 1.19) | 1.00 | 1.07 (1.02 to 1.12) | 0.121 | 0.90 (0.73 to 1.11) | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.87 to 1.11) | 0.753 |
| Low HDL-C¶¶ | ||||||||
| Model 1§ | 0.83 (0.73 to 0.96) | 1.00 | 1.34 (1.26 to 1.43) | <0.001 | 0.90 (0.74 to 1.09) | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.99 to 1.25) | 0.018 |
| Model 2¶ | 0.83 (0.73 to 0.96) | 1.00 | 1.36 (1.28 to 1.45) | <0.001 | 0.89 (0.74 to 1.08) | 1.00 | 1.12 (1.00 to 1.26) | 0.011 |
| Model 3†† | 0.97 (0.84 to 1.12) | 1.00 | 1.10 (1.03 to 1.18) | 0.004 | 1.00 (0.82 to 1.22) | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.85 to 1.08) | 0.500 |
*Reference.
†Multiple logistic regression, assigning ordinal number (0–2) to eating rate.
‡Waist circumference ≥90 cm in men and ≥80 cm in women.
§Adjusted for age.
¶Adjusted for age, smoking status, alcohol and regular physical activity.
**Blood pressure ≥130 mm Hg for systolic or ≥85 mm Hg for diastolic.
††Adjusted for age, smoking status, alcohol, regular physical activity and body mass index.
‡‡Fasting plasma glucose ≥100 mg/dL or under medication.
§§Triglyceride ≥150 mg/dL or receiving medication.
¶¶HDL-C <40 mg/dL in men, <50 mg/dL in women or receiving medication.
BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.