Preimplementation and postimplementation median values of HbA1c, anthropometric measurements, diabetes knowledge, attitudes and perceptions, and proportions of self-care practices stratified according to ‘increased HbA1c’ and ‘decreased or unchanged HbA1c’, and p values of comparisons of changes in measured end points among those with ‘increased HbA1c’ against ‘decreased or unchanged HbA1c’
| Change in A1C | Increased HbA1c, n=52 | Decreased/unchanged HbA1c, n=112 | p Value two independent samples t test of mean change, increased HbA1c vs decreased/unchanged HbA1c | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median | p Value | Median | p Value | ||||||
| Pre | Post | Wilcoxon signed-rank test | Change Mean change | Pre | Post | Wilcoxon signed-rank test | Change Mean change | ||
| HbA1c, % (mmol/mol) | 7.5 (58) | 9.2 (76) | <0.001 | +1.21 (+13.2) | 7.8 (62) | 6.8 (51) | <0.001 | −1.3 (−14.2) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.5 | 23.3 | 0.115 | −0.72 | 23.5 | 23.2 | 0.281 | −0.24 | 0.379 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 85 | 83 | 0.006 | −2.32 | 84.5 | 83.9 | 0.140 | −0.93 | 0.314 |
| WHR | 0.90 | 0.89 | 0.028 | −0.01 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 0.001 | −0.03 | 0.226 |
| Knowledge test rating, % | 65 | 65 | 0.060 | +4.20 | 60 | 70 | <0.001 | +9.0 | 0.134 |
| Perceived fear of diabetes | 4.0 | 4.0 | 0.004 | +0.69 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 0.024 | +0.35 | 0.240 |
| Positive attitude | 3.3 | 3.4 | 0.441 | +0.18 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 0.013 | +0.13 | 0.748 |
| Negative attitude | 3.0 | 3.1 | 0.415 | +0.23 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 0.164 | +0.12 | 0.602 |
| Attitude towards self-care adherence | 3.1 | 3.4 | 0.967 | +0.04 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 0.090 | +0.17 | 0.404 |
| Perceived ability to control blood glucose | 3.0 | 3.0 | 0.516 | −0.08 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 0.004 | +0.38 | 0.034 |
| Perceived ability to control weight | 3.0 | 3.5 | 0.340 | +0.17 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 0.618 | +0.09 | 0.711 |
| Perceived ability to adhere to diet and exercise regimens | 4.0 | 4.0 | 0.006 | +0.31 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 0.083 | +0.24 | 0.763 |
| Perceived ability to handle feelings about diabetes | 3.5 | 3.0 | 0.328 | −0.17 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 0.870 | +0.07 | 0.308 |
| Perceived support needs | 4.8 | 5.0 | 0.978 | +0.16 | 5.0 | 4.6 | 0.123 | −0.04 | 0.275 |
| Perceived support received | 4.8 | 4.0 | 0.035 | −0.25 | 5.0 | 4.0 | <0.001 | −0.45 | 0.342 |
| N (proportion, %) | Test of proportions | Change n (%) | N (proportion, %) | Test of proportions | Change n (%) | ||||
| Adherence to medications | 38 (73.1) | 42 (80.8) | 0.352 | +4 (+7.7) | 70 (62.5) | 92 (82.1) | 0.001 | +22 (19.6) | |
| Adherence to exercise regimen | 19 (36.5) | 33 (63.5) | 0.006 | +14 (+27.0) | 49 (43.8) | 77 (68.8) | <0.001 | +28 (25.0) | |
| Adherence to diabetes diet | 37 (71.2) | 24 (46.2) | 0.010 | −13 (−25.0) | 62 (55.4) | 42 (37.5) | 0.007 | −20 (17.9) | |
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated haemoglobin; WHR, waist-hip ratio.