Trial | HbA1c at baseline (%)* Intensive (SD)/conventional (SD) | Fasting blood glucose at baseline (mmol/L)* † Intensive (SD)/conventional (SD) | Treatment target: intensive glycaemic control | Treatment target: conventional glycaemic control | Achieved HbA1c (%)* Intensive (SD)/conventional (SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DCCT/EDIC 19833–46 | 9.1 (1.6)/9.1 (1.6) | 12.99 (4.6)/12.79 (4.4) | HbA1c between 4.05–6.05%. FBG between 3.88–6.05 mmol/L and 9.99 mmol/L 90–120 minutes post-prandial and 3.60 mmol/L or above after 3 am | HbA1c <13.11% and absence of symptoms of glycosuria, hyperglycaemia and ketonuria | 7.9 (1.1)/8.0 (1.0) |
Franklin et al104 | 10.2 (2.0) / C1: 10.2 (1.6) C2: 9.8 (1.8) | NR | Expected lower HbA1c compared to the conventional treated group, due to Intensive pump treatment‡ | Conventional treatment | 9.2 (2.2)/ C1: 10.3 (1.7) C2: 10.1 (1.7) |
Hvidovre 198268 | NR | 23.3 (12.6–39.5) §/18.1 (14.0–25.8) § | Near normo-glycaemia | Conventional treatment | 6.4 mmol/L/9.0 mmol/L |
Kroc 1984112–117 | 10.3 (2.4)/10.1 (1.8) | 10.98 (3.3)/10.39 (3.0) | BG between 3.1 and 6.4 mmol/L before meal, and <8ċ9 mmol/L 90 minutes after meal | To avoid extreme hyperglycaemia, ketosis and symptomatic hypoglycaemia | 8.1 (1.2)/10.0 (2.3) |
Linn et al110 | 12.4 (5.5)/13.1 (6.2) | 9.4 (5.6)/9.1 (2.7)¶ | HbA1c <6.5%, with a preprandial BG <6.8 mmol/L and postprandial BG <10 mmol/L | Conventional treatment with absence of symptoms attributable to glycosuria, or frequent hypoglycaemia | 6.6 (1.6)/8.0 (2.8) |
Linn et al**69 | NR | NR | Optimal glycaemic control | Conventional glycaemic control | NR |
Microalbuminuria50 51 | 10.3 (1.99)/9.8 (1.64) | NR | HbA1c ≤7.5%. FBG between 4–7 mmol/L and a 2 hs postprandial BG ≤10 mmol/L | Conventional treatment | 8.9 (1.5)/9.8 |
Minnesota DCCT 198383–86 | NR | 13.65 (3.1)/13.37 (2.7) | HbA1c <7%, home capillary BG between 3.33–8.32 mmol/L before meals and at bedtime, and postprandial ≤9.98 mmol/L | To avoid hyperglycaemic symptoms with 60% of home capillary BG >11.10 mmol/L and 20% >16.65 mmol/L. Since 1983 target changed to HbA1c A1 <12% | 9.6 (1.6)/11.7 (0.13) |
Oslo 198673–80 | I1: 9.4 (1.5) I2: 10.1 (1.9) /9.5 (1.9) | I1: 8.1 (1.0) I2: 9.1 (0.9) / 8.2 (1.0) | Near normo-glycaemia | Conventional treatment | I1: 9.4 (1.5) I2: 10.1 (1.9) /9.5 (1.9) |
Oxford 1983111 | 11.7 (1.6)/11.8 (2.1) | NR | Preprandial BG between 4–7 mmol/1 | Conventional treatment | 9.5 (1.6)/10.33 (2.31) |
Perlman et al105 | 14.6 (2.4)/15.8 (4.8) | 28.4 (14.4)/25.8 (8.9)†† | Fasting euglycaemia and normal glucose excursions | Preprandial BG between 4.4–10.0 mmol/L and no glycosuria | 11.2 (4.5)/12.9 (2.9) |
Service et al81 | 10.4/9.6 | 8.9/9.2 | HbA1c within normal range and mean plasma glucose <11.1 mmol/L | Conventional treatment to eliminate symptoms with a mean plasma glucose <11.1 mmol/L | 9.8/9.6 |
Shah et al101 | 18.2 (6.2)/15.9 (5.6) | NR | BG between 3.3–4.4 mmol/L preprandial and 1 h postprandial | BG <7.8 mmol/L preprandial and 11.1 mmol/L after 1 h postprandial | 7.2 (2.4)/10.8 (4.5) |
Steno 1a 198272 119–121 | 9.6 (1.6)/8.8 (1.4) | 9.6/8.8 | Postprandial BG <9 mmol/L and no glucosuria | Postprandial BG <15 mmol/L and 24 h glucose excretion < 20 g. After 1 year restriction was added about no hypoglycaemia or ketonuria | 7.6 (0.9)/8.1 (1.1) |
Steno 1b 198670–72 | 9.5 (6.6–13.6)§/9.3 (7.0–11.7)§ | 10.0 (8.5)/11.3 (8.5) | Fasting blood glucose between 4–7 mmol/L and postprandial BG between 5–10 mmol/L and avoiding of blood glucose < 3 mmol/L | Postprandial morning BG <15 mmol/L and 24 h glucose excretion <20 g | 7.9 (1.1/9.1 (1.2) |
Stockholm 198587–98 | 9.5 (0.2)/9.4 (0.2) | NR | Intensified treatment with individual goals for each patient | Conventional treatment by reduced BG without giving rise to serious hypoglycaemia | 7.26 (0.85) /8.13 (1.10) |
Verrillo et al82 | 11.1 (1.1)/11.8 (1.9) | 11.1 (1.1)/11.8 (1.9) | Normo-glycaemia with absence for hypoglycaemia and avoiding BG <3 mmol/L. Preprandial BG between 4–8 mmol/L and 120 minutes postprandial BG < 10 mmol/L | Preprandial morning BG <12 mmol/L and 24 h urinary glucose excretion under 20 g | 8.7 (0.5)/10.5 (0.5) |
Hershey et al102 and White103 | 8.26/9.96 | NR | Preprandial BG between 3.9–6.7 mmol/L, and avoidance of hyperglycaemia | Preprandial BG between 4.4–10.0 mmol/L, and avoidance of hyperglycaemia | NR |
*Mean or median.
†Converted from mg/dL to mmol/L by dividing by 18.
‡An aim for a lower glycaemic target in the intensive group compared to the conventional group was confirmed by the author.
§Range.
¶Mean glucose level.
**We only have the study protocol. No results were published and the author was not able to pass any data to us.
††Random plasma glucose.
DCCT/EDIC, Diabetes Control and Complication Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin A1c; Minnesota DCCT, Minnesota Diabetes Control and Complication Trial;NR, not reported; I1, intensive group 1; I2, intensive group 2; C1, conventional group 1; C2, conventional group 2. FBG, fasting blood glucose; BG, blood glucose.