Prevalence ratios for upper quartile (with first quartile used as reference) for multivariate associations between blood heavy metals and depression
| Unadjusted | Model 1* | Model 2† | Model 3‡ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n=15 140 | n=14 016 | n=12 807 | n=12 746 | |
| Cadmium | 2.40 (1.93 to 3.00) | 1.89 (1.49 to 2.40) | 1.49 (1.16 to 1.91) | 1.48 (1.16 to 1.90) |
| Lead | 0.95 (0.81 to 1.13) | 0.98 (0.78 to 1.25) | 0.79 (0.62 to 1.00) | 0.81 (0.64 to 1.02) |
| Mercury | 0.45 (0.36 to 0.56) | 0.56 (0.45 to 0.70) | 0.62 (0.50 to 0.78) | 0.62 (0.50 to 0.78) |
*Adjusted for demographics and socioeconomic status (age, sex, poverty, family income, ethnicity and country of birth).
†Adjusted for the above, cotinine levels and chronic medical illness.
‡Adjusted for the above and blood levels of cholesterol, glucose and creatinine.