Mean difference (p value) (95% CI) in birth measurements of children born to smoking mothers, comparing those where the child's grandmother had smoked with those who had not
| MGM+ M+ vs MGM− M+ | PGM+ M+ vs PGM− M+ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted* | Unadjusted | Adjusted* | |
| Birthweight (g) | ||||
| Boy | −13 (0.65) | −29 (0.24) | −55(0.11) | −50(0.074) |
| (−69 to +43) | (−77 to +19) | (−123 to +13) | (−104 to +5) | |
| Girl | −63 (0.022) | −31 (0.22) | −88(0.010) | −11(0.28) |
| (−116 to −9) | (−81 to +18) | (−155 to −22) | (−67 to +45) | |
| Birth length (cm×100) | ||||
| Boy | +8 (0.59) | −0 (1.00) | −37(0.035) | −29(0.070) |
| (−20 to +36) | (−28 to +28) | (−72 to −3) | (−61 to +3) | |
| Girl | −11(0.44) | +7(0.59) | −37(0.037) | +1(0.96) |
| (−39 to +17) | (−20 to +35) | (−71 to −2) | (−31 to +33) | |
| Head circumference (cm×100) | ||||
| Boy | +4 (0.66) | −3(0.74) | −35(0.003) | −35(0.001) |
| (−14 to +23) | (−22 to +16) | (−59 to −12) | (−57 to −14) | |
| Girl | −9(0.28) | −3(0.76) | −17(0.107) | +8(0.39) |
| (−27 to +8) | (−19 to +14) | (−39 to +4) | (−11 to +28) | |
| BMI ((kg/m2)×10) | ||||
| Boy | −0.3 (0.73) | −0.8 (0.37) | −1.2(0.24) | −1.0(0.31) |
| (−1.9 to +1.3) | (−2.5 to +0.9) | (−3.1 to +0.8) | (−2.9 to +0.9) | |
| Girl | −1.8(0.41) | −1.3(0.15) | −2.1(0.056) | −0.6(0.57) |
| (−3.5 to −0.1) | (−3.1 to +0.5) | (−4.2 to +0.1) | (−2.6 to +1.5) | |
The data for birth length and head circumference are given in cm×100 so as to aid viewing. Values in italics indicate a significance of p<0.05.
*Adjusted for maternal parity, maternal education, partner smoked in pregnancy, gestational length at birth of study child and the amount the mother smoked.
M, mother; MGM, maternal grandmother; PGM, paternal grandmother.