Variables | KDHS 1998 | KDHS 2003 | KDHS 2008–2009 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | OR | 95% CI | Significance (p value) | β | OR | 95% CI | Significance (p value) | β | OR | 95% CI | Significance (p value) | |
Residence | 0.052 | 0.583 | 0.124 | |||||||||
Urban (reference) | ||||||||||||
Rural | 0.411 | 1.51 | 1.00 to 2.29 | 0.109 | 1.12 | 0.76 to 1.65 | −0.404 | 0.67 | 0.40 to 1.12 | |||
Province | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||||||
Eastern (reference) | ||||||||||||
Nyanza | 0.874 | 2.40 | 1.55 to 3.71 | 0.485 | 1.63 | 1.03 to 2.57 | 0.310 | 1.36 | 0.83 to 2.23 | |||
Western | 0.956 | 2.60 | 1.58 to 4.28 | 1.575 | 4.83 | 3.02 to 7.73 | 1.824 | 6.20 | 3.68 to 10.43 | |||
Central | −0.302 | 0.74 | 0.44 to 1.26 | −0.018 | 0.98 | 0.64 to 1.51 | 1.013 | 2.75 | 1.61 to 4.71 | |||
Rift Valley | −0.126 | 0.88 | 0.56 to 1.38 | 0.023 | 1.02 | 0.68 to 1.54 | 0.423 | 1.53 | 0.83 to 2.79 | |||
Nairobi | 0.674 | 1.96 | 0.95 to 4.04 | 0.225 | 1.25 | 0.69 to 2.28 | 0.288 | 1.33 | 0.67 to 2.67 | |||
Coast | 0.842 | 2.32 | 1.37 to 3.95 | 2.016 | 7.51 | 3.92 to 14.37 | 1.430 | 4.18 | 2.16 to 8.07 | |||
Wealth Index | 0.206 | 0.761 | 0.945 | |||||||||
Richest (reference) | ||||||||||||
Richer | −0.125 | 0.88 | 0.55 to 1.41 | −0.218 | 0.80 | 0.54 to 1.19 | −0.137 | 0.87 | 0.51 to 1.48 | |||
Middle | −0.166 | 0.85 | 0.52 to 1.38 | −0.282 | 0.75 | 0.48 to 1.18 | −0.062 | 0.94 | 0.52 to 1.71 | |||
Poorer | 0.206 | 1.23 | 0.75 to 2.03 | −0.241 | 0.79 | 0.51 to 1.22 | −0.108 | 0.90 | 0.50 to 1.62 | |||
Poorest | 0.072 | 1.07 | 0.63 to 1.82 | −0.173 | 0.84 | 0.53 to 1.35 | 0.013 | 1.01 | 0.55 to 1.86 | |||
Maternal education | 0.141 | 0.011 | 0.003 | |||||||||
Secondary+ (reference) | ||||||||||||
Incomplete secondary | 0.586 | 1.80 | 1.08 to 2.98 | 0.410 | 1.51 | 0.95 to 2.40 | 0.245 | 1.28 | 0.72 to 2.28 | |||
Complete primary | 0.369 | 1.45 | 0.96 to 2.19 | 0.340 | 1.41 | 0.97 to 2.04 | 0.324 | 1.38 | 0.86 to 2.24 | |||
Incomplete primary | 0.484 | 1.62 | 1.07 to 2.46 | 0.611 | 1.84 | 1.24 to 2.74 | 0.786 | 2.19 | 1.37 to 3.52 | |||
No education | 0.548 | 1.73 | 0.92 to 3.25 | 0.122 | 1.13 | 0.57 to 2.24 | 0.428 | 1.53 | 0.70 to 3.36 | |||
Maternal literacy | 0.106 | 0.924 | 0.045 | |||||||||
Reads easily (reference) | ||||||||||||
Reads with difficulty | −0.243 | 0.63 | 0.38 to 1.05 | −0.072 | 0.93 | 0.61 to 1.43 | −0.386 | 0.68 | 0.44 to 1.05 | |||
Cannot read | −0.459 | 0.78 | 0.59 to 1.05 | −0.064 | 0.94 | 0.62 to 1.42 | 0.225 | 1.25 | 0.82 to 1.91 | |||
Maternal occupation | 0.517 | 0.865 | 0.085 | |||||||||
White collar (reference) | ||||||||||||
Blue collar | 0.180 | 1.20 | 0.85 to 1.68 | 0.059 | 1.06 | 0.77 to 1.46 | 0.360 | 1.43 | 0.95 to 2.16 | |||
Not working | 0.164 | 1.18 | 0.87 to 1.61 | 0.087 | 1.09 | 0.79 to 1.50 | 0.468 | 1.60 | 1.06 to 2.41 | |||
Mother reads newspaper | 0.313 | 0.043 | 0.058 | |||||||||
Yes (reference) | ||||||||||||
No | −0.140 | 0.87 | 0.66 to 1.14 | −0.271 | 0.76 | 0.59 to 0.99 | −0.309 | 0.73 | 0.53 to 1.01 | |||
Mother watches TV | 0.262 | 0.408 | 0.314 | |||||||||
Yes (reference) | ||||||||||||
No | −0.203 | 0.82 | 0.57 to 1.16 | −0.109 | 0.90 | 0.69 to 1.16 | −0.170 | 0.84 | 0.61 to 1.18 | |||
Mother listens to radio | 0.047 | 0.210 | 0.054 | |||||||||
Yes (reference) | ||||||||||||
No | 0.211 | 1.24 | 1.00 to 1.52 | −0.206 | 0.81 | 0.59 to 1.12 | −0.375 | 0.69 | 0.47 to 1.01 | |||
r2=0.075 | r2=0.110 | r2=0.106 |
EarlyBF, early initiation of breastfeeding; KDHS, Kenya Demographic and Health Survey; r2, Cox and Snell pseudo r2; Secondary+, complete secondary and/or higher education; TV, television.