Country | Author | Study design and population | Case ascertainment | Year | HZ cases | Age | Incidence 1000 person- years | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
USA | Ragozzino | Medical records database in Minnesota | ICD-9 confirmed by medical records | 1945–1959 | 590 | All ages | 1.31 | 1.15 to 1.35* |
USA | Donahue | Health maintenance organisation claims database in Massachusetts | ICD-9 confirmed by medical records | 1990–1992 | 1075 | All ages | 2.15 | 2.02 to 2.28* |
USA | Insinga | MarketScan claims database in the USA | ICD-9 | 2000–2001 | 9152 | All ages | 3.20 | 3.10 to 3.20 |
USA | Mullooly | Kaiser Northwest health maintenance organisation claims database | ICD-9 multiplied by positive predictive value | 1997–2002 | 9895 | All ages | 3.69 | 3.58 to 3.82 |
USA | Yih | Annual random-digit telephone survey in Massachusetts | Survey from patients | 1999–2003 | 194 | All ages | 4.33 | 3.72 to 4.93* |
USA | Jumaan | Health maintenance organisation claims database in Washington | ICD-9 | 1992–2002 | 357 | All ages | 3.71 | |
USA | Oxman | Zostavax trial in the control group | Notified by physicians and PCR/culture confirmation | 1998–2001 | 642 | ≥60 years | 11.12 | |
USA | Yawn | Retrospective population-based study confirmed by medical records in Minnesota | ICD-9 confirmed by medical records | 1996–2001 | 1669 | ≥22 years | 3.60 | 3.40 to 3.70 |
USA | Rimland | National Veterans Affairs claims database | ICD-9 | 2000–2007† | 28 710 | All ages | 5.22 | |
USA | Leung | MarketScan claims database | ICD-9 | 1993–2006† | 48 000 | All ages | 4.40 | 4.30 to 4.40 |
USA | Tseng | Kaiser Southern California health maintenance organisation claims database in the unvaccinated group | ICD-9 | 2007–2009 | 4606 | ≥60 years | 13.0 | 12.6 to 13.3 |
USA | Langan | Medicare claims database in the unvaccinated group | ICD-9 | 2007–2009 | 19 385 | ≥65 years | 15.1 | 14.9 to 15.3 |
USA | Chen | Commercial, Medicare and Medicaid MarketScan claims database | ICD-9 | 2005–2009 | 435 378 | ≥18 years | 4.82 | 4.81 to 4.84 |
USA | Hales | Medicare claims database | ICD-9 | 1992–2010† | 281 317 | ≥65 years | 14.2 | 14.0 to 14.5 |
Canada | Brisson | Administrative claims database in Manitoba | ICD-9 | 1979–1997† | NA | All ages | 3.48 | |
Canada | Russell | Health insurance claims database in Alberta | ICD-9/ICD-10 | 1986–2002† | NA | All ages | 4.30 | |
Canada | Edgar | Administrative claims database in British Columbia | ICD-9 | 1994–2003 | 114 596 | All ages | 2.89 | |
Canada | Tanuseputro | Administrative claims database in Ontario | ICD-9 | 1992–2010 | 686 763 | All ages | 3.23 | |
Canada | Russell | Health insurance claims database in Alberta | ICD-9/ICD-10 | 1994–2010† | 213 265 | All ages | 4.50 | |
UK | Hope-Simpson | Prospective population-based study in Cirencester | Medical records by GP | 1947–1962 | 192 | All ages | 3.39 | |
UK | Ross | Prospective population-based study in Glasgow | Notified by 10 GPs | 1972–1973 | 87 | All ages | 2.40 | |
UK | Brisson | RCGP database in England and Wales | ICD-9 medical records by GPs | 1979–1997† | NA | All ages | 3.82 | |
UK | Brisson | RCGP database in England and Wales | ICD-9 medical records by 69 GPs | 1991–2000 | NA | All ages | 3.73 | |
UK | Fleming | RCGP database in England and Wales | ICD-9 medical records by GPs | 1994–2001† | 14 532 | All ages | 3.90 | |
UK | Chapman | RCGP database in England and Wales | ICD-9 medical records by GPs | 1994–2001 | NA | ≥15 years | 3.95 | |
UK | Scott | Prospective population-based study in East London | Notified by 18 GPs and PCR confirmation | NA | 186 | All ages | 1.85 | |
UK | Gauthier | GPRD in UK | Medical records by 603 GPs | 2000–2006 | 27 225 | ≥50 years | 5.23 | 5.17 to 5.29 |
France | Chidiac | Prospective sentinel surveillance | Notified by 4635 GPs and 513 dermatologists | 1997–1998 | 8103 | All ages | 4.80 | |
France | Czernichow | Retrospective population-based study | Survey from 744 GPs | 1998 | 605 | All ages | 3.20 | 3.00 to 3.40 |
France | Gonzalez- Chiappe | Prospective sentinel surveillance | Notified by 1200 GPs | 2005–2008 | 2375 | All ages | 3.82 | 3.64 to 4.05 |
France | Mick | Retrospective population-based study | Survey from 231 GPs, 41 dermatologists and 15 neurologists | 2005 | 777 | ≥50 years | 8.99 | 8.34 to 9.64 |
Germany | Paul | Prospective population-based study in Ansbach | Notified by GPs, dermatologists and others | 1992–1993 | 152 | All ages | 2.26 | |
Germany | Schiffner-Rohe | National Statutory Health Insurance claims database | ICD-10 | 2004 | 1170 | ≥50 years | 9.80 | 9.20 to 10.40 |
Germany | Ultsch | National Statutory Health Insurance claims database | ICD-10 | 2007–2008 | 374 645 | ≥50 years | 9.60 | 9.56 to 9.63 |
Germany | Ultsch | National Statutory Health Insurance claims database | ICD-10 | 2004–2009 | 5384 | All ages | 5.79 | 5.64 to 5.93 |
The Netherlands | Opstelten | Huisartsen Netwerk Utrecht database in six locations | Medical records from 22 GPs | 1994–1999 | 837 | All ages | 3.40 | 2.90 to 3.90 |
The Netherlands | de Melker | Prospective sentinel surveillance | Notified by 43 GPs | 1998–2001 | NA | All ages | 3.25 | |
The Netherlands | Opstelten | National survey of physicians | Medical records from 104 GPs | 2001 | 1080 | All ages | 3.22 | 3.00 to 3.40 |
The Netherlands | Pierik | Retrospective population-based study in Almere | Medical records from 22 GPs | 2004–2008 | 3371 | All ages | 4.75 | 4.06 to 5.44 |
Switzerland | Richard | Prospective sentinel surveillance | Notified by 250 physicians | 1998–2001 | 2236 | All ages | 2.36 | |
Belgium | Bilcke | Retrospective population-based study | Notified by 150 GPs | 2000–2007 | NA | All ages | 3.78 | |
Spain | Pérez-Farinós | Prospective sentinel surveillance in Madrid | Notified by GPs | 1997–2004† | 1798 | All ages | 3.59 | 3.22 to 3.97 |
Spain | García Cenoz | Primary care database in Navarre | Medical records from GPs | 2005–2006 | 4959 | All ages | 4.15 | |
Spain | Cebrián-Cuenca | Prospective population-based study in Valencia | Notified by 25 GPs | 2006–2007 | 146 | ≥14 years | 4.10 | 3.40 to 4.70 |
Spain | Morant-Talamante | Electronic medical record database in Valencia | ICD-9 | 2007–2010 | 85 586 | All ages | 4.60 | 4.57 to 4.63 |
Spain | Esteban-Vasallo | Electronic medical record in the Madrid regional public health system | ICPC | 2005–2012† | 211 650 | All ages | 4.82 | |
Italy | di Luzio Paparatti | Retrospective population-based study | Survey from 71 GPs | 1995 | 408 | ≥15 years | 4.14 | 3.75 to 4.56 |
Italy | Di Legami | Prospective population-based study in Piedmont | Notified by 24 GPs | 2004 | 46 | ≥14 years | 1.74 | 1.28 to 2.32 |
Italy | Gialloreti | National primary-care database (Societa Italiana Medici Generici) | Medical records from 342 GPs | 2003–2005 | 5675 | All ages | 4.31 | 4.11 to 4.52 |
Iceland | Helgason | Prospective population-based study | Notified by 62 GPs | 1990–1995 | 462 | All ages | 2.00 | 1.80 to 2.20 |
Sweden | Studahl | Swedish National Pharmacy register | Prescriptions for antiviral medications | 2006–2010 | 127 832 | All ages | 2.70 | |
Greece | Lionis | Prospective population-based study in rural Crete | Notified by 19 GPs | 2007–2009 | 58 | All ages | 1.60 | |
Israel | Weitzman | Maccabi Healthcare Services claims database | ICD-9 | 2006–2010 | 28 977 | All ages | 3.46 | |
Saudi Arabia | Alakloby | Medical records from the dermatology clinic | Medical charts from the dermatologist | 1988–2006 | 141 | All ages | 6.20 | 5.18 to 7.22* |
Australia | Stein | National GP database (Bettering the Evaluation of Care and Health) | Medical records of GPs | 2000–2006 | 379 | ≥50 years | 9.67 | 8.66 to 10.68 |
Taiwan | Jih | Taiwan National Health Insurance claims database | ICD-9 | 2000–2006 | 34 280 | All ages | 4.89 | 4.76 to 5.04* |
Taiwan | Lin | Taiwan National Health Insurance claims database | ICD-9 | 2000–2005 | 672 782 | All ages | 4.97 | 4.96 to 4.98 |
Taiwan | Chao | Taiwan National Health Insurance claims database | ICD-9 | 2000–2008 | 11 908 | All ages | 5.67 | |
South Korea | Park | NA | NA | 1999–2003 | 1089 | All ages | 2.98 | |
South Korea | Choi | Health Insurance claims database (estimated prevalence) | ICD-10 | 2003–2007 | 2 431 744 | All ages | 9.97 | |
Japan | Toyama | Prospective population-based study in Miyazaki | Notified by 46 dermatology clinics | 1997–2006 | 48 388 | All ages | 4.15 | 4.12 to 4.19* |
Argentina | Vujacich | Medical records from the ID reference centre | Medical charts from IDs | 2000–2005 | 302 | All ages | 3.57 | 3.17 to 3.97* |
Brazil | Castro | Medical records from the dermatology clinic | Medical charts from the dermatologist | 1987–1989 | 469 | All ages | 5.62* | |
Colombia | Gaitan | Medical records from the oncology, radiology and nuclear medicine centre | Medical charts from patients without cancer | NA | 75 | NA | 6.50* |
*We computed the overall estimate or 95% CI based on the study results.
†The estimate from the latest study year.
GP, general practitioner; GPRD, general practice research database; HZ, herpes zoster; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; ICPC, International Classification For Primary Care; RCGP, Royal College of GPs.