Maternal characteristics according to average weekly alcohol consumption and binge drinking episodes
| Maternal weekly alcohol consumption during pregnancy | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 drinks/week n=464 | 0.5–1.5 drinks/week n=1589 | 2.0–4.0 drinks/week n=520 | >4.0 drinks/week n=237 | Test for trend p Value | Number (%) of missing values | |
| Age, years (mean (SD)) | 26.3 (5.2) | 27.7 (4.4) | 28.8 (4.3) | 29.3 (4.4) | <0.001 | 3 (0.1) |
| Cigarette smoking, n (%) | 0.49 | 5 (0.2) | ||||
| Smoker | 174 (37.5) | 524 (33.0) | 176 (33.9) | 82 (34.8) | ||
| Non-smoker | 242 (52.2) | 893 (56.4) | 281 (54.0) | 128 (54.2) | ||
| Past smoker | 48 (10.3) | 168 (10.6) | 63 (12.1) | 26 (11.0) | ||
| Binge drinking (times) | <0.001 | 4 (0.1) | ||||
| 0 | 441 (95.3) | 1375 (86.7) | 397 (76.3) | 135 (57.2) | ||
| 1–4 | 22 (4.7) | 202 (12.7) | 103 (19.8) | 76 (32.2) | ||
| ≥5 | 0 (0.0) | 10 (0.6) | 20 (3.9) | 25 (10.6) | ||
| Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI; kg/m2), n (%) | <0.001 | 193 (6.9) | ||||
| <18.5 | 44 (10.4) | 113 (7.6) | 37 (7.7) | 20 (8.7) | ||
| 18.5–24.9 | 303 (71.3) | 1198 (80.8) | 404 (83.8) | 193 (84.6) | ||
| >24.9 | 78 (18.3) | 171 (11.6) | 41 (8.5) | 15 (6.6) | ||
| Chronic diseases, n (%) | 0.80 | 48 (1.7) | ||||
| Yes | 74 (16.3) | 265 (17.0) | 96 (18.8) | 36 (15.3) | ||
| No | 381 (83.7) | 1295 (83.0) | 416 (81.2) | 199 (84.7) | ||
| Municipality of residence, n (%) | <0.001 | 3 (0.1) | ||||
| Urban areas | 269 (58.1) | 1018 (64.1) | 359 (69.2) | 169 (71.3) | ||
| Rural areas | 194 (41.9) | 570 (35.9) | 160 (30.8) | 68 (28.7) | ||
| Family's socioeconomic status, n (%) | <0.001 | 0 (0.0) | ||||
| White-collar workers | 286 (61.6) | 1225 (77.1) | 443 (85,2) | 206 (86.9) | ||
| Blue-collar workers | 135 (29.1) | 303 (19.1) | 59 (11.4) | 22 (9.3) | ||
| Unemployed or students | 43 (9.3) | 61 (3.8) | 18 (3.5) | 9 (3.8) | ||
| Cohabitation status, n(%) | 0.92 | 154 (5.5) | ||||
| Parents living together | 423 (96.8) | 1466 (97.9) | 488 (99.0) | 219 (95.6) | ||
| Parents not living together | 14 (3.2) | 31 (2.1) | 5 (1.0) | 10 (4.4) | ||
| Number of maternal binge drinking episodes during pregnancy | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 times n=2348 | 1–4 times n=403 | ≥5 times n=55 | Test for trend p Value | Number (%) of missing values | |
| Age, years (mean (SD)) | 27.8 (4.6) | 27.8 (4.4) | 28.8 (5.1) | 0.55 | 3 (0.1) |
| Cigarette smoking, n (%) | <0.001 | 5 (0.2) | |||
| Smoker | 745 (31.8) | 178 (44.2) | 32 (59.3) | ||
| Non-smoker | 1365 (58.2) | 158 (39.2) | 18 (33.3) | ||
| Past smoker | 234 (10.0) | 67 (16.6) | 4 (7.4) | ||
| Maternal weekly alcohol consumption (drinks/week) | <0.001 | 0 (0.0) | |||
| 0 | 441 (18.8) | 22 (5.5) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| 0.5–1.5 | 1375 (58.6) | 202 (50.1) | 10 (18.2) | ||
| 2.0–4.0 | 397 (16.9) | 103 (25.5) | 20 (36.4) | ||
| > 4.0 | 135 (5.7) | 76 (18.9) | 25 (45.4) | ||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2), n (%) | 0.38 | 193 (6.9) | |||
| <18.5 | 183 (8.4) | 27 (7.1) | 4 (7.4) | ||
| 18.5–24.9 | 1740 (79.8) | 314 (82.9) | 42 (77.8) | ||
| >24.9 | 258 (11.8) | 38 (10.0) | 8 (14.8) | ||
| Chronic diseases, n (%) | 0.57 | 48 (1.7) | |||
| Yes | 398 (17.2) | 65 (16.5) | 8 (14.8) | ||
| No | 1911 (82.8) | 330 (83.5) | 46 (85.2) | ||
| Municipality of residence, n (%) | 0.02 | 3 (0.1) | |||
| Urban areas | 1498 (63.9) | 276 (68.5) | 41 (74.5) | ||
| Rural areas | 847 (36.1) | 127 (31.5) | 14 (25.5) | ||
| Family's socioeconomic status, n (%) | 0.07 | 0 (0.0) | |||
| White-collar workers | 1821 (77.6) | 297 (73.7) | 40 (72.7) | ||
| Blue-collar workers | 423 (18.0) | 83 (20.6) | 12 (21.8) | ||
| Unemployed or students | 104 (4.4) | 23 (5.7) | 3 (5.5) | ||
| Cohabitation status, n (%) | <0.001 | 154 (5.5) | |||
| Parents living together | 2181 (98.1) | 366 (96.8) | 45 (90.0) | ||
| Parents not living together | 43 (1.9) | 12 (3.2) | 5 (10.0) | ||