Outcome measures
| Domain | Measures | Time point* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Pain | Pain intensity: 0–10 NRS average pain in the past week7 | 12 |
| Secondary | Chronic LBP | ≥2/10 pain intensity (yes/no); no periods of recovery (yes/no) | 12 |
| Disability | Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire46 | 0, 1, 12, 26, 52 | |
| Disability NRS: 0–10 current and average disability in the past week7 | 0, 1, 12, 26, 52 | ||
| Depression | Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale47 | 0, 1, 12 | |
| Pain | Pain Intensity NRS: current and average disability in the past week7 | 0, 1, 26, 52 | |
| Catastrophising | Pain Catastrophising Scale48 | 0, 1 | |
| Credibility | Credibility and Expectancy Questionnaire49 | 1 | |
| Healthcare utilisation | Medication | 12, 26, 52 | |
| Visits for LBP | 12, 26, 52 | ||
| Treatment type | 12, 26, 52 | ||
| Global change | Global Back Recovery Scale50 | 12 | |
| Pain-free and disability-free periods | Periods >1 week no pain or disability | 12 | |
| Recurrence | >2 episodes lasting >24 h, >2/10 pain intensity, and 30 days pain free in between37 | 26, 52 | |
| Neuroscience knowledge | Neurophysiology of Pain Questionnaire51 | 0, 1 | |
| Attitudes and beliefs | Survey of Pain Attitudes Two-item Version52 | 0, 1, 12, 26, 52 | |
| Back Beliefs Questionnaire53 | 0, 1 | ||
| Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire21 | 0, 1 | ||
| Self efficacy | Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire54 | 0, 1 | |
| Reassurance | Nothing seriously wrong55 | 0, 1 | |
| Further investigations required56 | 0, 1 |
*Time points: 0=baseline; 1=1 week after intervention; 12, 26 and 52=weeks after pain onset.
NRS, numeric rating scale.