Baseline characteristics of patients in the derivation (n=95 977) and validation (n=11 653) cohorts
| Baseline characteristics | Cohort n (%) or median (IQR) | |
|---|---|---|
| Derivation | Validation | |
| Age (years) | 54.6 (39.2–68.8) | 60.0 (47.0, 72.0) |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 40 374 (42.1) | 5271 (45.2) |
| Female | 55 603 (57.9) | 6382 (54.8) |
| Carstairs category* | ||
| Affluent | 47 286 (49.3) | 2753 (23.6) |
| Deprived | 48 691 (50.7) | 8900 (76.4) |
| Comorbidity history | ||
| Cancer† | 3629 (3.8) | 956 (8.2) |
| Diabetes | 1386 (1.4) | 1441 (12.4) |
| IHD | 5370 (5.6) | 2034 (17.5) |
| Renal disease | 141 (0.2) | 155 (1.3) |
| Respiratory disease | 2636 (2.8) | 883 (7.6) |
| Stroke | 1471 (1.5) | 583 (5.0) |
| Medication in previous 3 months | ||
| Statins | 3176 (3.3) | 3178 (27.3) |
| NSAIDs | 6698 (7.0) | 1762 (15.1) |
| Antibiotics | 8307 (8.7) | 1962 (16.8) |
| Abusive substance | ||
| Alcohol | 2632 (2.7) | 465 (4.0) |
| Drug | 371 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) |
| Methadone | 377 (0.4) | 10 (0.1) |
| Liver function tests | ||
| Albumin (g/L) | 44.0 (42.0–46.0) | 44.0 (41.0, 46.0) |
| ALP (U/L) | 76.0 (62.0–94.0) | 75.0 (62.0, 92.0) |
| Transaminase (U/L) | 18.0 (14.0–26.0) | 21.0 (16.0, 30.0) |
| GGT (U/L) | 26.0 (17.0–47.0) | 27.0 (18.0, 45.0) |
| Bilirubin‡ | ||
| Normal | 81 111 (91.0) | 10 587 (90.8) |
| Mildly raised | 8058 (9.0) | 1066 (9.2) |
Data reported are median (IQR) or percentage.
*Carstairs categories 1–3 were recoded as affluent and categories 4–7 were recoded as deprived.
†Not including biliary cancer or hepatocellular cancer.
‡Normal bilirubin defined as 0–15 μmol/L for female patients, 0–17 μmol/L for male patients; mildly raised bilirubin defined as 16–35 μmol/L for female patients, 18–35 μmol/L for male patients.
ALP, alkaline phosphatase; GGT, γ-glutamyltransferase; IHD, ischaemic heart disease; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.