Demographic data and Engel classification 24 months after surgery in 189 patients
| Variables/predictors | Engel class I | Engel class II | Engel class III | Engel class IV | *F, χ2, ψ | df | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 37.4 (±9.6) | 38.9 (±9.0) | 45.0 (±7.5) | 28.2 (±8.8) | 3.34 | 3/185 | 0.020 |
| Duration illness (years) | 23.0 (±10.8) | 22.1 (±11.7) | 29.0 (±14.7) | 20.5 (±6.9) | 0.89 | 3/185 | 0.444 |
| Age at onset (years) | 14.5 (±9.4) | 16.8 (±6.2) | 16.0 (±7.9) | 7.7 (±14.5) | 1.17 | 3/185 | 0.324 |
| Gender (male/female ratio) | 83/84 | 6/3 | 6/2 | 1/4 | 0.69 | 1 | 0.406 |
| Number of seizures prior to epilepsy surgery | 8.5 (±13.4) | 35.9 (±70.7) | 26.4 (±30.3) | 65.6 (±124.6) | 10.35 | 3/185 | <0.001 |
| Number of seizures after epilepsy surgery | 0.00 (±0.00) | 1.71 (±1.51) | 9.0 (±9.4) | 91.8 (±137.8) | 33.13 | 3/185 | <0.001 |
| Focal vs focal with secondarily generalised seizures | 160/7 | 9/0 | 8/0 | 4/1 | −0.01* | – | 0.764 |
| TLE vs ETLE | 156/11 | 7/2 | 7/1 | 1/4 | 14.36 | 1 | <0.001 |
| Epilepsy location | See text | ||||||
| Right | 83 | 6 | 3 | 3 | |||
| Left | 80 | 3 | 5 | 1 | |||
| Bilateral | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |||
| Middle | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Lesion | See text | ||||||
| Hippocampal sclerosis | 128 | 7 | 5 | 0 | |||
| Tumour | 28 | 1 | 2 | 2 | |||
| FCD | 7 | 1 | 0 | 3 | |||
| AVM | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| No lesion | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |||
| Familial history of epilepsia: yes/no | 26/141 | 3/6 | 3/5 | 2/3 | 5.70 | 1 | 0.017 |
| DD first 3 months after surgery: yes/no | 18/149 | 1/8 | 2/6 | 3/2 | 4.77 | 1 | 0.029 |
| Preoperative psychosis: yes/no | 7/160 | 2/7 | 2/6 | 0/5 | 0.19* | 0.026 |
*F: results of analyses of variance with the four Engel groups as categories; χ2: results of analyses of contingency tables. In order to perform χ2 tests, we have combined groups and examined the differences between Engel class I versus II+III+IV. When we were unable to use χ2 tests, we have used Fisher's exact probability test with ψ values.
AVM, arteriovenous malformation; DD, dysphoric disorder; ETLE, extratemporal lobe epilepsy; FCD, focal cortical dysplasia; TLE, temporal lobe epilepsy.