Health belief model framework analysis
| Health Belief Model parameter | ASPIRE respondents | |
|---|---|---|
| HPV self-collection | Cervical cancer | |
| Perceived susceptibility | Perceived risk is low | |
| Testing will cause the disease | ||
| Screening is only necessary for sexually active women | ||
| HIV education model increases risk awareness | Limited knowledge of link between HPV and cervical cancer | |
| Perceived severity | HPV can be treated | Cervical cancer is a death sentence |
| Cervical cancer treatment is expensive | ||
| No cure for cancer | ||
| Would rather get HIV than cervical cancer | ||
| Perceived benefits | Early detection | Some treatment may be beneficial |
| Treatment availability | ||
| Protecting yourself | ||
| Perceived barriers | Lack of time | |
| Lack of knowledge | ||
| Mistrust of researchers | ||
| Embarrassment | ||
| Worry about outcomes | ||
| Health-seeking behaviour only prompted by symptoms | ||
| Discomfort with inserting items into vagina | Fatalism | |
| Concern with hygiene and/or vaginal discharge | Inability to cope with results | |
| Fear of pain or injury | Stigma of having cancer | |
| Novelty of test | ||
| Cues to action | Local leaders/community health workers | |
| Peer-to-peer education and recruitment | ||
| Increasing knowledge | ||
| Screening necessary without symptoms | ||
| Fear of contracting cancer | ||
| Self-efficacy | Gender perspective—spousal permission not required | |
ASPIRE, Advances in Screening and Prevention in Reproductive Cancers; HPV, human papillomavirus.