Number of studies | Number of sample | SMD | 95% CI | p Value for heterogeneity | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed effects model | 7 | 1895 | −0.31 | (−0.40 to −0.22) | <0.001 |
Exclusion of 3 lower quality studies (score ≤4.0) | 4 | 1110 | −0.17 | (−0.35 to 0.00) | 0.101 |
Exclusion of 1 study outside the USA (Australia) | 6 | 1585 | −0.32 | (−0.57 to 0.07) | <0.001 |
Exclusion of 3 studies that integrated diabetes care | 4 | 1443 | −0.30 | (−0.62 to 0.01) | <0.001 |
Exclusion of 2 studies that considered lifestyle risk factors | 5 | 1371 | −0.30 | (−0.59 to 0.00) | <0.001 |
Exclusion of 4 studies of less than 1 year duration | 3 | 1018 | −0.34 | (−0.68 to 0.01) | <0.001 |
SMD, standardised mean difference.