Validity and reliability of the LWDS-11 among university students of Lebanon
| Items | Factor 1 Physiological dependence | Factor 2 Psychological craving | Factor 3 Negative reinforcement | Factor 4 Positive reinforcement |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| How many times were you able to stay 7 days without smoking waterpipe? | 0.877 | |||
| How many days could you stay without smoking waterpipe? | 0.871 | |||
| Number of smoked waterpipes per week? | 0.798 | |||
| Would you smoke waterpipe even if you are ill/bedridden? | 0.836 | |||
| Are you ready not to eat in exchange for a waterpipe? | 0.827 | |||
| Would you smoke waterpipe alone? | 0.547 | |||
| How much of your income are you ready to pay for waterpipe smoking? | 0.426 | |||
| Smokes waterpipe to relax his nerves | 0.868 | |||
| Smokes waterpipe to improve his morale | 0.862 | |||
| Smokes waterpipe to please others (conviviality) | 0.910 | |||
| Smokes waterpipe for pleasure | 0.573 | |||
| Cronbach's α reliability measure | 0.806 | 0.659 | 0.671 | 0.527 |
LWDS-11,Lebanese Waterpipe Dependence Scale-11.