Table 4

Hierarchical linear regression models showing the association between ethnicity/language and patient experiences in primary healthcare

Variable	Step 1		Step 2		Step 3		Step 4
	Ethnic/language and sociodemographic variables		Includes health status		Includes PHC experiences outside Canada		Includes patient experiences inside Canada
	(n=1181)		(n=1165)		(n=1152)		(n=673)
	Coefficient	p Value	Coefficient	p Value	Coefficient	p Value	Coefficient	p Value
Ethnicity/language		0.0000		0.000		0.0003		NS
Chinese—English	−0.40	*	−0.13		−0.01		0.07
Chinese—Chinese	−1.37	***	−1.06	***	−0.74	**	−0.40
South Asian—English	−0.47	*	−0.11		−0.09		−0.25
South Asian—Punjabi	−0.56	***	−0.29		−0.09		0.12
Caucasian—English	ref		ref		ref		ref
Sociodemographic Characteristics Gender; age; education; yearly household income; marital status; employment status; immigrant status†			Not shown
Health status Presence of heart disease, arthritis, high blood pressure or hypertension, depression or diabetes; presence of two or more chronic conditions; self-reported health status			Not shown
PHC experiences outside Canada
Received healthcare outside Canada in the past 12 months						0.000		0.035
No					ref		ref
Yes					−0.81		−0.54
PHC experiences inside Canada
Accessibility
Usual source of care								NS
No							0.24
Yes							ref
Unmet healthcare need‡								NS
No							ref
Yes							−0.04
Usual wait at regular place of care (min)								NS
0–10							ref
10–20							0.02
20–30							0.01
30–60							0.15
More than 60							−0.21
Wait for healthcare
Length of wait								0.044
Did not need to wait							ref
<1 week							0.18
Weeks							−0.15
Months							−0.58	*
Never received							−1.09
Utilisation
Number of visits to doctor in past year for
Physical health¶							0.0168	NS
Mental health ††							−0.0011	NS
Relationship continuity of care
Length of time seeing same doctor or going to the same place (years)								NS
<1							−0.0161
1−<3							−0.4222
3–5							−0.3478
6 or more							ref
Interpersonal communication
Unhurried communication¶¶							0.06	NS
Explained test results†††							−0.08	NS
Interpersonal style, compassionate and respectful‡‡‡							0.32	0.001
Quality and acceptability
Overall rating of quality of healthcare received in past 12 months§§§
Excellent/very good							ref	0.0000
Good							−0.89	***
Fair/poor							−2.07	***
Acceptability scale (scale score ranged from 1–4; higher score is better)¶¶¶							0.26	0.001
Adjusted R²	0.06		0.09		0.10		0.30

†42.9% of income is missing.
‡11.6% missing.
¶11.1% missing.
††10.8% missing.
¶¶10.5% missing.
†††20.0% missing.
‡‡‡13.1% missing.
§§§11.6% missing.
¶¶¶27.3% missing sufficient data to form acceptability scale.
PHC, primary healthcare.