Chinese- English (n=142) | Chinese- Chinese (n=284) | South Asian English (n=164) | South Asian Punjabi (n=307) | English Speakers of presumed European descent (n=314*) | p Value for χ2 or ANOVA F test | Total (n=1211) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage of overall sample | 11.7 | 23.5 | 13.5 | 25.4 | 25.9 | 100.00 | |
Experiences outside of Canada (in past 12 months) | |||||||
Percentage who received healthcare outside Canada | 10.00 | 19.50 | 6.13 | 8.55 | 5.10 | <0.0001 | 10.06 |
Post-hoc p value | NS | <0.0001 | NS | NS | ref | ||
Experiences in Canada (in past 12 months) | |||||||
Accessibility | |||||||
Usual source of care (%) | 92.25 | 92.58 | 93.25 | 91.83 | 93.61 | NS | 92.71 |
Unmet healthcare needs Percentage who needed healthcare but never received† | 8.70 | 8.70 | 11.61 | 9.49 | 8.36 | NS | 9.19 |
Usual wait at regular place of care (min) | |||||||
0–10 | 22.41 | 10.55 | 16.34 | 8.68 | 23.83 | 15.59 | |
>10–20 | 21.55 | 23.63 | 30.07 | 12.50 | 35.74 | 24.46 | |
>20–30 | 16.38 | 21.94 | 18.95 | 18.75 | 17.69 | <0.0001 | 18.95 |
>30–60 | 28.45 | 28.69 | 17.65 | 23.61 | 16.97 | 22.69 | |
>60 | 11.21 | 15.19 | 16.99 | 36.46 | 5.78 | 18.30 | |
Post-hoc‡ p value | 0.0075 | <0.0001 | 0.0026 | <0.0001 | ref | ||
Wait for healthcare§ | |||||||
Percentage who needed to wait for healthcare | 38.30 | 44.48 | 39.51 | 33.00 | 37.10 | NS | 38.26 |
Length of wait | |||||||
<1 week | 58.82 | 62.30 | 65.00 | 76.04 | 41.74 | 0.0007 | 59.91 |
Weeks | 23.53 | 15.57 | 11.67 | 10.42 | 16.52 | 15.09 | |
Months | 17.65 | 19.67 | 18.33 | 12.50 | 29.13 | 22.75 | |
Never received | 0.00 | 2.46 | 5.00 | 1.04 | 2.61 | 2.25 | |
Post hoc p value | NS | 0.0099 | NS | <0.0001 | ref | ||
Utilisation | |||||||
Number of visits in past year for | |||||||
Physical health¶ Mean (SD) | 2.90 (3.27) | 2.96 (3.86) | 3.97 (4.17) | 5.85 (6.65) | 3.99 (4.96) | <0.0001 | 4.13 (5.13) |
Post hoc p value | NS | NS | NS | <0.0001 | ref | ||
Mental health** Mean (SD) | 0.48 (2.64) | 0.24 (1.11) | 0.63 (2.08) | 1.14 (3.40) | 0.44 (1.39) | 0.0001 | 0.61 (2.30) |
Post hoc p value | NS | NS | NS | 0.0012 | ref | ||
Relationship continuity | |||||||
Length of time seeing same doctor or going to the same place (years) | |||||||
<1 | 5.71 | 4.01 | 4.29 | 6.56 | 7.77 | NS | 5.88 |
1–<3 | 15.71 | 8.39 | 8.59 | 10.49 | 9.71 | 10.16 | |
3–5 | 15.00 | 19.71 | 20.25 | 18.03 | 15.53 | 17.72 | |
6 or more | 63.57 | 67.88 | 66.87 | 64.92 | 66.99 | 66.25 | |
Interpersonal communication (range 1–5; higher score is better) | |||||||
Unhurried communication†† Mean (SD) | 4.56 (0.71) | 4.32 (0.72) | 4.64 (0.69) | 4.65 (0.64) | 4.72 (0.59) | <0.0001 | 4.58 (0.68) |
Post hoc p value | NS | <0.0001 | NS | NS | ref | ||
Explained test results‡‡ Mean (SD) | 4.11 (1.17) | 3.64 (1.18) | 4.25 (1.18) | 4.00 (1.37) | 4.48 (0.99) | <0.0001 | 4.08 (1.23) |
Post hoc p value | NS | <0.0001 | NS | <0.0001 | ref | ||
Patient-centered decision-making§§ Mean (SD) | 3.40 (1.35) | 3.06 (1.23) | 3.09 (1.32) | 3.31 (1.32) | 3.63 (1.38) | 0.0017 | 3.32 (1.33) |
Post hoc p value | NS | 0.0008 | 0.0065 | NS | ref | ||
Interpersonal style, compassionate and respectful¶¶ Mean (SD) | 4.35 (0.86) | 3.84 (0.92) | 4.53 (0.77) | 4.44 (0.96) | 4.46 (0.84) | <0.0001 | 4.31 (0.92) |
Post hoc p value | NS | <0.0001 | NS | NS | ref | ||
Quality and acceptability | |||||||
Overall rating of quality of healthcare received*** | |||||||
Excellent/very good | 52.94 | 16.81 | 49.35 | 36.68 | 69.54 | <0.0001 | 44.55 |
Good | 37.82 | 53.45 | 36.84 | 29.41 | 21.15 | 34.45 | |
Fair/poor | 9.24 | 29.74 | 13.81 | 33.91 | 9.32 | 21.01 | |
Post hoc p value | 0.0031 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ref | ||
Acceptability scale††† (range 1–4; higher score is better) | 3.63 (0.73) | 3.33 (0.91) | 3.16 (1.00) | 2.87 (1.11) | 3.58 (0.80) | <0.0001 | 3.26 |
Post hoc p value | NS | NS | 0.0002 | <0.0001 | ref |
*Includes one person who did not answer the question on ethnicity, but did answer he was most comfortable speaking English.
†11.6% missing responses.
‡Post hoc comparisons are made when the χ2 or ANOVA F test are significant (p<0.05). The reference category is the Caucasian—English group. p Value must be less than 0.01 for significance in the post hoc tests.
§Wait for care was included as one variable in regression models.
¶11.1% missing responses
**10.8% missing responses
††10.5% missing
‡‡20.0% missing
§§44.8% missing
¶¶13.1% missing
***11.6% missing
†††27.3% missing.
ANOVA, analysis of variance; NS, not significant.