Table 2

Sociodemographic characteristics of participants

	Chinese- English (n=142)	Chinese- Chinese (n=284)	South Asian English (n=164)	South Asian Punjabi (n=307)	English speakers of presumed European descent (n=314*)	p Value for χ² or ANOVA F test	Total (n=1211)
Percentage of overall sample	11.7	23.5	13.5	25.4	25.9		100.00
Gender (%)
Female	46.48	59.86	48.47	59.28	52.23	0.0120	54.63
Age Mean (SD)	45.6 (15.7)	49.4 (14.4)	40.2 (13.5)	46.7 (13.3)	55.1 (15.0)	<0.0001	48.49 (15.08)
Education (%)
Less than high school	3.52	11.15	7.36	31.35	3.22	<0.0001	12.78
High school	13.38	32.73	18.40	24.75	19.29		22.97
Some university or completed college	28.17	17.63	30.06	17.16	38.26		25.81
Completed undergraduate degree	34.51	30.58	25.15	17.49	21.86		24.73
Graduate degree	20.42	7.91	19.02	9.24	17.36		13.70
Yearly household income† (%)
<$10 000–$30 000	17.14	40.14	20.59	29.86	13.74	<0.0001	23.88
$30 001–$50 000	31.43	22.54	13.73	27.08	20.17		22.29
$50 001–$80 000	27.14	19.72	28.43	23.61	24.46		24.17
$80 001–$100 000	14.29	11.27	13.73	6.25	15.88		12.45
>$100 000	10.00	6.34	23.53	13.19	25.75		17.22
Marital status (%)
Married/cohabiting	58.57	79.29	73.01	93.79	58.01	<0.0001	74.19
Employment status (%)
Full-time	47.89	40.71	55.83	55.63	43.45	0.0006	48.08
Immigrant status (%)
Born in Canada	29.58	5.63	34.15	2.61	80.25	<0.0001	30.88
Years living in Canada Mean (SD)	24.97 (13.4)	16.91 (10.6)	24.30 (12.5)	20.79 (12.1)	41.26 (17.0)	<0.0001	22.02 (13.7)
Health status (%)
Presence of
Heart disease	3.55	4.59	6.75	6.51	9.55	NS	6.54
Arthritis	7.80	10.64	9.82	17.32	19.75	0.0004	14.26
High blood pressure or hypertension	17.73	15.55	17.68	19.87	22.93	NS	19.11
Depression	5.67	3.94	9.15	13.36	15.92	<0.0001	10.37
Diabetes	6.34	6.07	10.98	14.98	8.92	0.0027	9.78
Any other chronic condition	16.20	15.05	17.90	15.03	33.12	<0.0001	20.28
Number of chronic conditions
One chronic condition	39.29	39.93	47.85	54.25	63.38	<0.0001	50.71
Two or more chronic conditions	15.00	11.55	17.28	21.50	29.62	<0.0001	20.00
Three or more chronic conditions	2.82	3.20	5.52	8.47	11.46	0.0003	6.96
Self-reported health status
Excellent/very good	42.45	23.41	51.83	35.51	64.65	<0.0001	43.28
Good	44.60	42.55	35.37	28.99	21.34		32.84
Fair/poor	12.95	34.04	12.81	35.51	14.01		23.88

*Includes one person who did not answer the question on ethnicity, but did answer he was most comfortable speaking English.
†42.9% of income is missing (n=520)—results shown above based on non-missing answers.
ANOVA, analysis of variance; NS, not significant.