Overview of study participants
| Training dataset | Testing dataset | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Attending surgeon | (N=17) | (N=13) | (N=4) |
| Surgeon experience, years, median (Min–Max) | 17 (1–35) | 15(1–35) | 23(6–32) |
| Surgeon volume of cases, median (Min–Max) | 176 (10–1871) | 144(10–1871) | 319(157–761) |
| Surgical cases | (N=5313) | (N=3756) | (N=1557) |
| Patient female gender, N (%) | 3558 (67.0) | 2543 (67.7) | 1015 (65.2) |
| Patient age, years, mean (SD) | 66.2 (11.3) | 65.8 (11.4) | 67.0(11.0) |
| Patient with comorbidity, N (%) | 3388 (63.8) | 2440 (65.0) | 948 (60.9) |
| Number of comorbidities, median (Min–Max) | 1 (0–6) | 1 (0–6) | 1 (0–5) |
| Coronary artery disease, N (%) | 1074 (20.2) | 751 (20.0) | 323 (20.7) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, N (%) | 320 (6.0) | 230 (6.1) | 90 (5.8) |
| Diabetes mellitus, N (%) | 858 (16.1) | 636 (16.9) | 222(14.3) |
| Hypertension, N (%) | 2196 (41.3) | 1609 (42.8) | 587 (37.7) |
| Obesity, N (%) | 1242 (23.4) | 935 (24.9) | 307 (19.7) |
| Tobacco, N (%) | 814 (15.3) | 590(15.7) | 224(14.4) |
| Operative time, minutes, mean (SD) | 109.2 (30.3) | 103.5 (29.8) | 123.0 (26.9) |