Mean (SD) | Effect size, d (95% CI) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome measure | Pretreatment | Post-treatment | 6-month follow-up | Between-group, pre–post | Between-group, pre– 6-month follow-up | Within-group, pre–post | Within-group, pre– 6-month follow-up |
Total | |||||||
BDI-II | |||||||
BA | 23.50 (7.85) | 10.89 (5.92) | 12.71 (10.56) | 0.25 | 0.03 | 1.83 (0.27 to 3.38)** | 1.19 (−0.87 to 3.24)** |
MF | 24.68 (9.47) | 12.94 (10.18) | 13.09 (12.24) | (−1.65 to 2.15) | (−2.63 to 2.69) | 1.21 (−0.95 to 3.38)** | 1.09 (−1.32 to 3.50)** |
PHQ-9 | |||||||
BA | 12.53 (4.43) | 5.83 (3.85) | 6.77 (5.83) | 0.28 | 0.15 | 1.63 (0.71 to 2.56)** | 1.14 (−0.01 to 2.28)** |
MF | 13.22 (4.81) | 7.19 (5.84) | 7.74 (7.33) | (−0.85 to 1.40) | (−1.39 to 1.69) | 1.15 (−0.02 to 2.32)** | 0.91 (−0.44 to 2.27)** |
BAI | |||||||
BA | 14.60 (9.09) | 8.81 (5.77) | 8.34 (8.50) | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.76 (−0.95 to 2.47)** | 0.72 (−1.25 to 2.69)** |
MF | 13.51 (9.31) | 9.22 (7.68) | 8.38 (7.48) | (−1.49 to 1.61) | (−1.86 to 1.87) | 0.51 (−1.39 to 2.40)** | 0.61 (−1.30 to 2.51)** |
AAQ-II | |||||||
BA | 27.28 (7.05) | 21.22 (8.24) | 20.09 (9.28) | 0.22 | 0.10 | 0.80 (−0.89 to 2.50)** | 0.89 (−0.93 to 2.72)** |
MF | 28.22 (7.09) | 23.32 (10.82) | 21.03 (9.68) | (−1.97 to 2.41) | (−2.10 to 2.31) | 0.56 (−1.44 to 2.54)* | 0.87 (−1.00 to 2.74)** |
QOLI | |||||||
BA | -0.45 (1.38) | 0.92 (1.66) | 1.15 (2.40) | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.91 (0.58 to 1.25)** | 0.84 (0.41 to 1.27) ** |
MF | −0.20 (1.51) | 0.84 (1.90) | 1.13 (2.07) | (−0.36 to 0.45) | (−0.53 to 0.51) | 0.62 (0.24 to 0.99)** | 0.75 (0.36 to 1.15)** |
H-LDep | |||||||
BDI-II | |||||||
BA | 26.87 (7.14) | 12.00 (6.31) | 11.81 (10.63) | 0.42 | 0.39 | 2.25 (0.33 to 4.18)** | 1.72 (−0.87 to 4.31)** |
MF | 28.00 (8.61) | 15.68 (10.76) | 16.28 (12.71) | (−2.09 to 2.93) | (−2.95 to 3.73) | 1.62 (−0.44 to 3.67)** | 1.32 (−1.07 to 3.71)** |
PHQ-9 | |||||||
BA | 15.52 (3.29) | 6.64 (4.42) | 6.48 (5.59) | 0.36 | 0.47 | 2.34 (1.23 to 3.45)** | 2.04 (0.73 to 3.35)** |
MF | 15.57 (3.35) | 8.60 (6.29) | 9.60 (7.71) | (−1.17 to 1.90) | (−1.46 to 2.40)* | 1.43 (0.13 to 2.74)** | 1.05 (−0.49 to 2.58)** |
BAI | |||||||
BA | 17.43 (9.37) | 9.18 (6.68) | 9.62 (8.91) | 0.20 | 0.01 | 1.03 (−1.30 to 3.37)** | 0.87 (−1.77 to 3.52)** |
MF | 15.57 (9.39) | 10.68 (8.39) | 9.72 (7.91) | (−1.94 to 2.34) | (−2.36 to 2.38) | 0.56 (−1.80 to 2.92)* | 0.68 (−1.62 to 2.99)** |
AAQ-II | |||||||
BA | 28.27 (7.21) | 21.68 (8.90) | 19.33 (9.27) | 0.44 | 0.47 | 0.83 (−1.47 to 3.14)** | 1.11 (−1.28 to 3.49)** |
MF | 29.04 (6.50) | 25.87 (10.52) | 23.56 (9.33) | (−2.30 to 3.18) | (−2.16 to 3.09) | 0.38 (−1.90 to 2.65) | 0.70 (−1.40 to 2.80)* |
QOLI | |||||||
BA | −0.51 (1.30) | 0.78 (1.58) | 1.25 (2.07) | 0.26 | 0.34 | 0.91 (0.50 to 1.33)** | 1.05 (0.56 to 1.55)** |
MF | −0.71 (1.18) | 0.38 (1.58) | 0.53 (2.23) | (−0.70 to 0.18) | (−0.95 to 0.27) | 0.80 (0.44 to 1.17)** | 0.72 (0.26 to 1.18)** |
L-L Dep | |||||||
BDI-II | |||||||
BA | 18.94 (6.47) | 9.14 (4.96) | 14.07 (10.71) | −0.51 | −1.21 | 1.74 (−0.25 to 3.72)** | 0.58 (−2.36 to 3.52) |
MF | 17.54 (7.09) | 6.73 (4.86) | 4.22 (3.63) | (−2.36 to 1.34) | (−4.13 to 1.71)* | 1.83 (−0.54 to 4.19)** | 2.35 (−0.03 to 4.72)** |
PHQ-9 | |||||||
BA | 8.47 (1.59) | 4.57 (2.34) | 7.21 (6.36) | −0.23 | −0.98 | 2.06 (1.39 to 2.72)** | 0.30 (−1.21 to 1.80) |
MF | 8.15 (3.34) | 4.00 (2.86) | 2.56 (1.51) | (−1.20 to 0.74) | (−2.68 to 0.72)** | 1.38 (0.19 to 2.59)* | 2.13 (1.03 to 3.23)** |
BAI | |||||||
BA | 10.76 (7.33) | 8.21 (4.10) | 6.43 (7.80) | −0.56 | −0.27 | 0.43 (−1.64 to 2.51) | 0.59 (−1.98 to 3.16) |
MF | 9.08 (7.70) | 5.91 (4.48) | 4.67 (4.64) | (−2.17 to 1.04) | (−2.92 to 2.38) | 0.51 (−1.95 to 2.98) | 0.67 (−1.95 to 3.34)** |
AAQ-II | |||||||
BA | 26.00 (6.85) | 20.50 (7.34) | 21.21 (9.54) | −0.37 | −0.87 | 0.80 (−1.61 to 3.21)** | 0.61 (−2.17 to 3.39) |
MF | 26.46 (8.21) | 17.52 (9.54) | 14.00 (7.07) | (−3.52 to 2.78) | (−4.26 to 2.52) | 1.06 (−2.33 to 4.44)* | 1.68 (−1.42 to 4.78)** |
QOLI | |||||||
BA | −0.37 (1.52) | 1.14 (1.83) | 0.97 (2.15) | −0.38 | −0.93 | 0.94 (0.37 to 1.50)** | 0.76 (0.13 to 1.38)* |
MF | 0.89 (1.61) | 1.87 (2.24) | 2.87 (2.10) | (−0.38 to 1.14) | (−1.77 to 0.10) | 0.53 (−0.20 to 1.27) | 1.14 (0.41 to 1.87) |
*p<0.05.
**p<0.01.
AAQ-II, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire; BA, behavioural activation; BAI, beck anxiety inventory; BDI-II, beck depression inventory-II; H-L Dep, high-level depression; L-L Dep, low-level depression; MF, mindfulness; PHQ-9, 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale; QOLI, Quality of Life Inventory.