Demographic and clinical characteristics of the 528 patients with type 2 DM
| All participants | All patients with fundus pathology | Patients with signs of DR | Patients with signs of glaucoma | Patients with signs of AMD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), n (%) | 528 | 223 (42.23) | 75 (14.20) | 63 (11.93) | 57 (10.79) |
| 45–54 | 186 (35.23) | 71 (31.84) | 32 (33.33) | 19 (30.16) | 11 (19.30) |
| 55–64 | 224 (42.42) | 89 (39.91) | 36 (57.33) | 32 (50.79) | 14 (24.56) |
| >65 | 118 (22.35) | 63 (28.25) | 7 (9.33) | 12 (19.05) | 32 (56.14) |
| Sex, n (%) | |||||
| Females | 287 (54.36) | 118 (52.91) | 44 (58.67) | 41 (65.79) | 25 (43.86) |
| Males | 241 (45.64) | 105 (47.09) | 31 (41.33) | 22 (34.21) | 32 (56.14) |
| Smoking, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 309 (58.52) | 128 (57.34) | 42 (56) | 31 (49.21) | 37 (64.91) |
| No | 219 (41.48) | 95 (42.66) | 33 (44) | 32 (50.79) | 20 (35.09) |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 359 (67.99) | 119 (53.36) | 36 (48) | 29 (46.03) | 26 (45.61) |
| No | 169 (32.01) | 104 (46.64) | 39 (52) | 34 (53.97) | 31 (54.39) |
| Duration of DM (years), n (%) | |||||
| <5 | 184 (34.85) | 59 (26.46) | 19 (25.33) | 17 (26.98) | 16 (28.07) |
| 6–15 | 220 (41.67) | 91 (40.81) | 24 (32) | 21 (33.33) | 17 (29.82) |
| >16 | 118 (22.35) | 73 (32.73) | 32 (42.67) | 25 (39.69) | 24 (42.11) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | |||||
| Present | 365 (69.13) | 112 (50.22) | 49 (65.33) | 28 (44.44) | 29 (50.88) |
| Absent | 163 (30.87) | 111 (49.78) | 26 (34.67) | 35 (55.56) | 28 (49.12) |
| DM controlled, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 315 (59.66) | 132 (59.19) | 41 (54.67) | 38 (60.32) | 31 (54.39) |
| No | 213 (40.34) | 91 (40.81) | 34 (45.33) | 25 (39.68) | 26 (45.61) |
| IOP, mm Hg, mean±SD | 18.87±5.78 | 19.76±3.54 | 18.15±2.94 | 25.33±3.19 | 16.91±2.15 |
| FPG, mmol/L, mean±SD | 8.96±2.34 | 9.92±4.33 | 11.03±3.37 | 8.02±2.43 | 8.45±1.18 |
| TG, mmol/L, mean±SD | 1.89±0.65 | 1.94±0.56 | 1.98±0.54 | 1.66±0.44 | 1.81±0.32 |
| TC, mmol/L, mean±SD | 5.27±1.78 | 6.02±1.34 | 5.89±1.21 | 5.09±1.01 | 4.99±1.44 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.99 | 11.92 | 12.21 | 6.01 | 5.98 |
Statistical methods: independent samples t test or χ2 test.
DM controlled was defined as insulin injection therapy or antidiabetic drug to be taken orally.
AMD, age-related macular degeneration; DM, diabetes mellitus; DR, diabetic retinopathy; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, concentration of glycated haemoglobin; IOP, intraocular pressure; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol.