Characteristics | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
---|---|
Depression before pregnancy | 3.14 (2.72 to 3.64) |
Depression during pregnancy | 139.35 (120.40 to 161.28) |
Maternal age, years | |
≤19 | 1 |
20–29 | 1.27 (0.96 to 1.687) |
30–39 | 1.37 (1.02 to 1.84) |
≥40 | 1.30 (0.87 to 1.95) |
Nulliparous | 1.24 (1.08 to 1.41) |
Multiparous | 1 |
Smoking status | |
Non-smoking | 1 |
Quit smoking during 1st trimester | 1.07 (0.83 to 1.37) |
Smoking after 1st trimester | 1.10 (0.75 to 1.60) |
Missing information | 1.09 (0.75 to 1.60) |
Married/living with a partner | 1 |
Single | 1.10 (0.92 to 1.31) |
Socioeconomic status | |
Upper white-collar worker | 1 |
Lower white-collar worker | 1.00 (0.75 to 1.32) |
Blue-collar worker | 1.05 (0.77 to 1.42) |
Others* | 1.15 (0.87 to 1.53) |
Missing information | 1.23 (0.92 to 1.64) |
Mode of delivery | |
Vaginal spontaneous | 1 |
Breech | 0.83 (0.32 to 2.18) |
Forceps | NA |
Vacuum assistance | 1.10 (0.87 to 1.37) |
Caesarean section | 1.23 (1.06 to 1.43) |
Prior miscarriages | 0.92 (0.80 to 1.07) |
Prior terminations | 1.15 (0.98 to 1.35) |
In vitro fertilisation | 0.53 (0.28 to 0.99) |
Anaemia (≤6.2 mmol/L) | 1.08 (0.74 to 1.59) |
Pre-eclampsia | 0.92 (0.54 to 1.58) |
Gestational diabetes | 1.29 (0.99 to 1.69) |
Maternal diabetes mellitus | 1.04 (0.77 to 1.39) |
Fear of childbirth | 1.58 (1.33 to 1.88) |
Major congenital anomaly | 1.33 (1.04 to 1.71) |
Admission to neonatal intensive care unit | 1.19 (1.00 to 1.43) |
Stillbirth | 2.00 (0.93 to 4.27) |
Low-birth weight (<2500 g) | 1.12 (0.83 to 1.50) |
Preterm birth (≤37 weeks) | 0.81 (0.71 to 0.93) |
Male fetal sex | 1.07 (0.95 to 1.21) |
*‘Others’ comprise entrepreneurs, students, retired women, unemployed women, housewives and all unclassifiable cases.
NA, not applicable.