Risk factors of the population-based studies by logistic regression for prevalence of pterygium
| First author | Publication year | Risk factors | OR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cajucom-Uy et al6 | 2010 | Age | 1.3 | 1.1 to 1.4 |
| Male gender | 1.9 | 1.5 to 2.6 | ||
| High systolic blood pressure | 1.6 | 1.2 to 2.1 | ||
| Viso et al9 | 2011 | Outer activity | 2.28 | 1.04 to 4.98 |
| fluorescein staining | 2.64 | 1.08 to 6.46 | ||
| Fotouhi et al10 | 2009 | Age (60+) | 73.6 | 17.1 to 316.1 |
| Durkin et al11 | 2008 | Primarily outdoor | 1.54 | 1.19 to 2 |
| Wong et al12 | 2001 | Male gender | 5.1 | 2.9 to 9.3 |
| Age (50–59) | 3.7 | 1.5 to 9.4 | ||
| Age (60–69) | 6.3 | 2.6 to 15.1 | ||
| Age (70–81) | 7.8 | 3.2 to 18.8 | ||
| Lu et al13 | 2009 | Age (70–79) | 2 | 1.4 to 2.8 |
| Alcohol intake | 1.5 | 1 to 2 | ||
| Education (<3 years) | 2.1 | 1.4 to 3.2 | ||
| Dry eye symptoms | 1.9 | 1.5 to 2.5 | ||
| Poor family situation | 1.3 | 1 to 1.6 | ||
| Schirmer's test (≤5 mm) | 2.4 | 1.9 to 3.1 | ||
| Tear break-up time (≤10 s) | 2.3 | 1.8 to 2.9 | ||
| Seldom use of sunglasses | 1.5 | 1.2 to 1.9 | ||
| Seldom use of hat | 1.3 | 1.1 to 1.7 | ||
| Cataract | 1.5 | 1.1 to 1.9 | ||
| Tan et al14 | 2006 | Male gender | 3.1 | 1.72 to 5.61 |
| Luthra et al17 | 2001 | Age | 1.01 | 1 to 1.02 |
| Education (<12 years) | 1.43 | 1.01 to 2.03 | ||
| Outer activity | 1.87 | 1.52 to 2.29 | ||
| Darker skin complexion | 0.66 | 0.52 to 0.83 | ||
| Using sunglasses outdoor | 0.18 | 0.06 to 0.59 | ||
| Use of prescription glasses | 0.75 | 0.6 to 0.93 | ||
| McCarty et al18 | 2000 | Age group (10 year) | 1.23 | 1.06 to 1.44 |
| Male gender | 2.02 | 1.35 to 3.03 | ||
| Rural residence | 5.28 | 3.56 to 7.84 | ||
| Lifetime ocular sun exposure | 1.63 | 1.18 to 2.25 | ||
| Shiroma et al19 | 2009 | Male gender | 1.33 | 1.03 to 1.63 |
| Age (years) | 1.02 | 1.01 to 1.03 | ||
| Refractive error | 1.08 | 1.03 to 1.13 | ||
| Experience of outdoor jobs | 1.82 | 1.33 to 2.5 | ||
| Intraocular pressure | 0.96 | 0.94 to 0.98 | ||
| Ma et al20 | 2007 | Male gender | 2.67 | 2.25 to 3.18 |
| West and Muñoz B21 | 2009 | Education (<6 years) | 2.81 | 2.18 to 3.62 |
| Income <20 000 | 1.24 | 1.03 to 1.51 | ||
| Smoking | 0.75 | 0.59 to 0.94 | ||
| Bilateral cataract surgery | 0.54 | 0.35 to 0.83 | ||
| Gazzard et al23 | 2002 | Age (51 and above) | 7.31 | 2.36 to 22.7 |
| Smoking | 0.46 | 0.24 to 0.9 | ||
| Sherwin et al24 | 2013 | Outdoor >3/4 day | 2.22 | 1.2 to 4.09 |
| Ultraviolet autofluorescence (per 10 mm) | 1.16 | 1.05 to 1.28 | ||
| Skin type (tans) | 2.17 | 1.2 to 3.92 | ||
| Lu et al2 | 2007 | Age (70–79) | 2 | 1.4 to 2.8 |
| Female gender | 1.6 | 1.2 to 2 | ||
| Education (<3 years) | 1.6 | 1.1 to 2.4 | ||
| Dry eye symptoms | 1.3 | 1 to 1.7 | ||
| Use of sunglasses/stone glasses | 0.3 | 0.1 to 0.8 | ||
| Use of hats | 0.3 | 0.2 to 0.5 | ||
| Seldom use of sunglasses/stone glasses | 4.6 | 1.9 to 11.3 | ||
| Seldom use of hats | 3.6 | 2.4 to 5.4 | ||
| Low socioeconomic status | 1.9 | 1.5 to 2.4 |