Risk factors for IES>20 at follow-up (5–18 years after stillbirth)
| Sociodemographic variables | IES>20 (n) | IES<20 (n) | Bivariate | Multivariate | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p Value | aOR | 95% CI | p Value | |||
| Age at the time of stillbirth (years)* | ||||||||
| >27 | 19 | 54 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||
| <27 | 12 | 13 | 2.62 | 1.02 to 6.74 | 0.045 | 6.60 | 1.99 to 21.83 | 0.002 |
| Civil status | ||||||||
| Married/cohabiting | 25 | 59 | 1 (ref) | |||||
| Living alone | 6 | 8 | 1.77 | 0.56 to 5.63 | 0.334 | |||
| Divorce/break-up after stillbirth | ||||||||
| No | 23 | 56 | 1 (ref) | |||||
| Yes | 8 | 11 | 1.77 | 0.63 to 4.97 | 0.278 | |||
| Country of birth | ||||||||
| Born in Norway | 25 | 63 | 1 (ref) | |||||
| Not born in Norway | 5 | 4 | 3.15 | 0.78 to 12.70 | 0.107 | |||
| Household income | ||||||||
| <750 000 NOK | 19 | 31 | 1 (ref) | |||||
| >750 000 NOK | 10 | 35 | 0.47 | 0.19 to 1.15 | 0.099 | |||
| Education | ||||||||
| Primary/secondary/high school | 11 | 13 | 1 (ref) | |||||
| High school+1–5 years | 17 | 40 | 0.50 | 0.19 to 1.34 | 0.170 | |||
| High school+>5 years | 3 | 14 | 0.25 | 0.06 to 1.12 | 0.070 | |||
| Occupational status | ||||||||
| Working full time (90–100%) | 16 | 41 | 1 (ref) | |||||
| Not working full time | 15 | 26 | 1.48 | 0.63 to 3.49 | 0.372 | |||
| Pregnancy history | ||||||||
| Parity at the time of stillbirth* | ||||||||
| 1 | 11 | 38 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||
| >1 | 20 | 29 | 2.38 | 0.99 to 5.75 | 0.053 | 3.46 | 1.19 to 10.07 | 0.023 |
| Gestational age at stillbirth | 0.976 | 0.91 to 1.05 | 0.516 | |||||
| Time since stillbirth | 0.935 | 0.84 to 1.04 | 0.234 | |||||
| Spontaneous abortion | ||||||||
| No | 19 | 40 | 1 (ref) | |||||
| Yes | 12 | 27 | 0.94 | 0.39 to 2.24 | 0.881 | |||
| Induced abortion prior to stillbirth | ||||||||
| No | 21 | 60 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 10 | 7 | 4.08 | 1.38 to 12.09 | 0.011 | 5.78 | 1.56 to 21.38 | 0.009 |
| Live birth after stillbirth | ||||||||
| No | 7 | 6 | 1 (ref) | |||||
| Yes | 24 | 61 | 0.34 | 0.10 to 1.11 | 0.073 | |||
| Experiences in relation to stillbirth | ||||||||
| Awareness of the baby's death before the delivery (h) | ||||||||
| No | 5 | 11 | 1 (ref) | |||||
| <24 | 20 | 39 | 1.13 | 0.34 to 3.70 | 0.842 | |||
| >24 | 6 | 17 | 0.78 | 0.19 to 3.18 | 0.725 | |||
| Baby's father/close relative present during the delivery | ||||||||
| No/at times | 7 | 10 | 1 (ref) | |||||
| The whole time | 24 | 57 | 0.60 | 0.2 to 1.77 | 0.355 | |||
| Held the baby | ||||||||
| No | 11 | 7 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 20 | 60 | 0.21 | 0.07 to 0.62 | 0.005 | 0.17 | 0.05 to 0.56 | 0.004 |
| Time spent with the baby (h) | ||||||||
| <1 (or just after birth) | 13 | 10 | 1 (ref) | |||||
| 1–11 (or 1 time/day) | 8 | 19 | 0.32 | 0.10 to 1.04 | 0.058 | |||
| >12 (or >2–4 times/day) | 9 | 38 | 0.18 | 0.06 to 0.55 | 0.002 | |||
| Autopsy | ||||||||
| No | 8 | 9 | 1 (ref) | |||||
| Yes | 23 | 58 | 0.45 | 0.15 to 1.30 | 0.138 | |||
| Postpartum consultation with the obstetrician | ||||||||
| No | 9 | 10 | 1 (ref) | |||||
| Yes | 22 | 53 | 0.46 | 0.17 to 1.29 | 0.140 | |||
| Additional follow-up | ||||||||
| No | 6 | 3 | 1 (ref) | |||||
| Yes | 25 | 64 | 0.20 | 0.05 to 0.84 | 0.028 | |||
| Arranged memorial | ||||||||
| No | 8 | 9 | 1 (ref) | |||||
| Yes | 23 | 54 | 0.48 | 0.16 to 1.40 | 0.178 | |||
*Significant interaction between age at index and parity at index in the multivariable model.
aOR, adjusted OR; IES, Impact of Event Scale; NOK, Norwegian kroner (100 NOK=∼13 euros).