Unadjusted and adjusted relative risks and ORs for outcome of depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-2) and hazardous alcohol consumption (AUDIT) among suicide-bereaved and non-bereaved parents, with and without psychological premorbidity
| RR (95% CI) adjusted for | OR (95% CI) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR (95% CI) Unadjusted | Sex | Age | Residence area | Civil status | Level of education | Source of income | Physical activity | Social activity | Unadjusted | Adjusted for multiple* | |
| With premorbidity† | |||||||||||
| PHQ-9 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 3.5 | 2.8‡ |
| ≥10 | (1.2 to 5.4) | (1.2 to 5.3) | (1.3 to 5.8) | (1.2 to 5.3) | (1.2 to 5.2) | (1.2 to 5.2) | (1.1 to 4.9) | (1.1 to 4.7) | (1.1 to 4.7) | (1.4 to 8.5) | (1.0 to 7.4) |
| GAD-2 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 4.2 | 5.5 | 4.7§ |
| ≥2 | (1.6 to 9.0) | (1.6 to 9.0) | (1.5 to 9.0) | (1.6 to 9.0) | (1.5 to 8.4) | (1.6 to 9.1) | (1.4 to 8.0) | (1.4 to 8.2) | (1.6 to 11.0) | (2.0 to 15.0) | (1.5 to15.2) |
| AUDIT | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.0¶ |
| ≥8 | (0.5 to 3.8) | (0.5 to 3.6) | (0.5 to 3.3) | (0.6 to 3.8) | (0.5 to 3.5) | (0.5 to 3.7) | (0.6 to 4.2) | (0.4 to 3.1) | (0.4 to 3.2) | (0.5 to 4.5) | (0.3 to 3.5) |
| Without premorbidity | |||||||||||
| PHQ-9 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 2.2‡ |
| ≥10 | (1.4 to 3.6) | (1.4 to 3.5) | (1.4 to 3.6) | (1.4 to 3.6) | (1.4 to 3.6) | (1.4 to 3.6) | (1.3 to 3.4) | (1.5 to 3.6) | (1.3 to 3.3) | (1.5 to 4.0) | (1.3 to 3.7) |
| GAD-2 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 4.0 | 3.7§ |
| ≥2 | (2.1 to 5.7) | (2.1 to 5.6) | (2.1 to 5.7) | (2.2 to 5.8) | (2.2 to 5.8) | (2.1 to 5.8) | (2.0 to 5.5) | (2.1 to 5.7) | (2.0 to 5.4) | (2.4 to 6.9) | (2.2 to 6.4) |
| AUDIT | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.7‡ |
| ≥8 | (1.0 to 2.6) | (1.0 to 2.5) | (1.0 to 2.5) | (1.0 to 2.6) | (1.0 to 2.6) | (1.0 to 2.5) | (1.0 to 2.6) | (1.0 to 2.5) | (1.0 to 2.5) | (1.0 to 2.8) | (1.0 to 2.8) |
*ORs adjusted for multiple variables selected by logistic regression with forward selection. The selection was done among those without psychological premorbidity, separately within the groups of bereaved and non-bereaved parents. The variables sex and age were forced into each model.
†Participants were categorised ‘With premorbidity’ if they, more than 10 years earlier: had their first treatment for psychological morbidity such as depression, anxiety, psychosis or personality disorder (treatment defined as treatment prescribed by a physician such as medication, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or conversational therapy) or, had been given their first psychiatric diagnosis such as depression, panic attacks, psychosis or personality disorder or used medication against anxiety or depression.
‡Variables selected in both bereaved and non-bereaved: (sex, age), source of income, social activity.
§Variables selected within the bereaved group: (sex, age), source of income, physical activity, social activity.
¶Variables selected in both bereaved and non-bereaved: (sex, age), source of income. Variables selected within the bereaved group: education, physical activity. Variables selected within the non-bereaved group: social activity.
AUDIT,alcohol Use disorders identification test; GAD, generalised anxiety disorder; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; RR, relative risk.