Psychological morbidity among suicide-bereaved and non-bereaved parents
| Suicide-bereaved | Non-bereaved | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Number/total number (%) | Number/total number (%) | Relative risks RR (CI 95%) | |
| Anxiety and depressive symptoms | |||
| Single item questions* | |||
| Persisting anxiety† | 41/664 (6) | 4/377 (1) | 5.8 (2.1 to 16.1) |
| Anxiety attacks‡ | 53/664 (8) | 5/377 (1) | 6.0 (2.4 to14.9) |
| Awakening with anxiety during night‡ | 40/663 (6) | 5/377 (1) | 4.5 (1.8 to11.4) |
| Awakening with anxiety in the morning‡ | 46/664 (7) | 2/377 (<1) | 13.0 (3.2 to 53.5) |
| Low or depressive mood† | 141/663 (21) | 21/377 (6) | 3.8 (2.5 to 5.9) |
| Psychometric scales | |||
| Depression (PHQ-9)§ | 115/655 (18) | 28/374 (7) | 2.3 (1.6 to 3.5) |
| Anxiety (GAD-2)¶ | 139/658 (21) | 22/374 (6) | 3.6 (2.3 to 5.5) |
| Hazardous alcohol consumption (AUDIT) ** | 76/643 (12) | 28/375 (7) | 1.6 (1.0 to 2.4) |
| Medication single item questions* and PHQ-9 | |||
| Sleeping medication† | 82/664 (12) | 20/377 (5) | 2.3 (1.5 to 3.7) |
| Antidepressant medication† | 99/664 (15) | 13/375 (3) | 4.3 (2.4 to 7.6) |
| Anxiolytic medication† | 49/662 (7) | 8/375 (2) | 3.5 (1.7 to 7.2) |
| Antidepressant medication and/or depression†,§ | 167/665 (25) | 35/377 (9) | 2.7 (1.9 to 3.8) |
*Self-rated prevalence of symptoms during the preceding month with answering alternatives ranging from ‘no’, ‘yes occasionally’, ‘yes 1–3 times or days a week’, ‘yes 4–5 times or days a week’, and ‘yes 6–7 times or days a week’.
†‘Yes 1 day a week’ or more often.
‡‘Yes 1 time a week’ or more often.
§The nine-item depression scale (PHQ-9), score 10 or higher (range from 0 to 27).The answering categories were slightly modified from ‘not at all’, ‘several days’, ‘more than half the days’, ‘nearly every day’ to ‘not at all’, ‘1–3 days a week’, ‘4–5 days a week’, and ‘6–7 days a week’, using the same system for scoring. The calculated scores were based on self-reported data.
¶The two-item Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-2) score 2 or higher (range from 0 to 6). The answering categories were slightly modified as described above, using the same system for scoring. The calculated scores were based on self-reported data.
**The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores 8 or higher (range from 0 to 40).The calculated scores were based on self-reported data.
AUDIT,alcohol use disorders identification test; GAD, generalised anxiety disorder; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire.